[quote='Eiríkur' pid='70958' dateline='1758121007']One thing which could be interesting to do is to compare the copy&modify algorithm with a version of it without the copy&modify part, but with the same generation rules. The idea is to generate one word at time, always starting from a null string and applying the rules a random number of times (a few times) for each generated word.[/quote] I will let others do that for Voynichese, with the T&T Mutate procedure. Meanwhile, just for fun, here are the results for English, using my "English-tuned" Mutate procedure. Again, my Mutate procedure chooses between "insert", "delete", and "replace, based on the total frequency in an English corpus of words whose length is greater than, less than, or equal to the length of the given word. The procedure then scans the word collecting the possible interventions of that type, and the merit of the result of each intervention. Specifically: For "insert", each candidate is a pair of consecutive letters XZ in the word and a letter Y, and the merit is the count of occurrences of the trigram XYZ in the corpus. For "delete", each candidate is a triplet of consecutive letters XYZ in the word, and the merit is the count of occurrences of the digram "XZ" in the corpus. For "replace", each candidate is a triplet of consecutive letters XYZ in the word, a letter W distinct from Y, and the merit is the count of occurrences of the trigram "XWZ" in the corpus. Then the procedure chooses one candidate intervention with probability proportional to its merit, and executes it. The digrams and trigrams include start-of-word and end-of-word, so the three operations above may be applied to the first and last letter as well as internal letters. The corpus is the full text of Well's novel War of the Worlds ("WoW"). The simulation starts with the word "phleghm" (which is not in the corpus), applies the Mutate procedure above M times, and outputs the result. This is repeated 10'000 times, independently. Results: M = 1 [font=Courier New] pheghm phieghm pheghm phlegthm hleghm phleghmy hleghm paleghm phlleghm phleg-m pheghm pheghm hleghm pheghm phlegh hleghm phlighm phlegham pheghm phleghe pleghm pheghm pheghm pheleghm pheghm pheghm phledghm phlethm phieghm pheghm pheghm pheghm hleghm phreghm pheghm hleghm pheleghm phleghme phlleghm phlerhm pheghm pheghm pheghm phleghme phlerghm pthleghm pheghm phleghe hleghm hleghm ... hleghm phlegthm pheghm phlegh pheghm pheghm pheghm hleghm pheleghm phleghe pthleghm pheghm pheghm hleghm uphleghm phlighm pheghm pheghm poleghm pheghm phlegh hleghm pheghm pheghm hleghm pheghm phlethm pheghm pheghm hleghm phlighm puleghm pheghm pheghm pheghm pheghm phlerhm hleghm pheghm pheghm phlegh phlegham pheghm pheghm phlerhm hleghm pheghm phlegh pheghm phleg-m [/font] 94 word types, 0 valid tokens, 10000 invalid M = 2 [font=Courier New] phaghm phegthm hleghmy sleghm phllegh heghm pheghe hlegh phligham pheghe plegh pheeghm phenghm phledshm pheghm pherhm pieghm phreghm pheghe hlerghm phegh pheghmy phegh phegh leghm pheghe theghm heghm heghm pherghm heghm ptheghm peghm heghm hlighm phleghm phleth theghm phegh spheghm peghm phoeghm phegh hleg-m heghm phtegh phegthm pheghme pheghe phighm ... phegh heghm heghm heghm heghm phreghm phlegth theghm pthlegh hlenghm phligh phegh ptheghm hleghe phegh phlech heghm phlengh puleghe haleghm hleghim peghm heghm phegh leghm thlveghm heghm peghm heghm pheghm thleghm pherhm hlegh phegh leghm phleth pheghmp heghm heghm pheghm heghm phighm heghm phegh sleghm phegthm peghm uleghm hlighm upheghm [/font] 760 word types, 0 valid tokens, 10000 invalid M = 3 [font=Courier New] haghm hlegthmy sledghm heg-m hegh hlighem heghe preghm phenighm phethm pherm pellegh phegthe hegh pheghm pheg leghe deghm henghm pheeighm heghim hegh hethm heaghm phlet paleg sphegh pedghm pheth eghm phegh phenghme pheghed hegh pegthm hethm philenh shegh pheg peghe popleghm theghe herghm phlug herhm theghme pheghe lethm pegh eghm ... peghum hegh eghm phlnegh ptherghm alleghm hlvegh hligh pheghm hegthm hedghm hegh ptheg-m thlighe paletchm eghm hegh phugh pegam phighe hehm highm eghm hlleghm phegh hlexhmy eghm pheighm scheghm pthegh pechm theghm hegom haghm phigthm hegh eghm hlethe theghm thleg-m threghm poughm hegum deghm eghm hregum phlext eghm heg-m eghm [/font] 1848 word types, 0 valid tokens, 10000 invalid M = 4 [font=Courier New] hagham haghmy hlegh hegh phighas poleg phenithm pethm pinghm hegthe heght hesh pegh ethm hugh highim hregh herm heilegh thoghm pegh heth egh hlithm pheghe hugh thaghm theg heghm phed pheght theg hethmy hugh theghmbe ligh teghem hegthe thethm pherthm whegh hengthm heg-sm pheghe leghe poleeg peam wthlegh theghmy hehe ... pigh slege-m eg-m hethm hege pegn peg hunghm hegth hegh hehe plegh egh hlege thineghm heh hegho phe heg teghm thegh heghe heghe peeg-m hlitim heg eg-m hilewh heghe hltegh hegh pehe hetchm polegat lerh pthegh hlseth pole ceg-m hlegte hehm ptenghm heghm upheg upegh eneghm beghe tiegh htogh heram [/font] 3031 word types, 121 valid tokens, 9879 invalid M = 5 [font=Courier New] agham henghmy peg hligre pole phathm ther egthe hegh thug aghm hecanghm heghim eng-m phlet palar pregh hesh legthm pheghed hughe mengh beghe phe peght thee hegh alighmbe cigh hegeam thethe heghth hegh pe-gtum hlegher pheghe poleege pegs ileghmy pegum enghim haigh ege thethe lighm yeg eghm egh hllegt ptchega ... eathm eghme tllehim alegs hedghe pengh hedsam hic-m hug lewh hedg pthweghe hlere hethm heghm phers legh herkm mehm heckhm peghm theght hm sphedg egh peigh olergh peshm igh hegh hig tethe tchigh peg heredgh opughim wegh haghe hregs hegh phige g-m egre phege heghmy edg-m lege plege heck eghm [/font] 4179 word types, 227 valid tokens, 9773 invalid M = 6 [font=Courier New] aghamy edg-m ery higs aghe tcher hegh hesh pach einghm ighim ng-m hreixegh alag hed leghm ptaghe erch prrhmy thleghle heghe terthms hut eche tegeam tethe herhm tengthm heg-sit peghe polege wthegs theghe ham ough ere theigre bene-m ghe eckhe hleate hege hugh hathm eg-m er-m heg aghi gers ig ... perim lerwhem eghe hle enum cleg hug-m eerm negme hegum eg ileg ere thm upeghe high gh-m hegth knegthm pere-m ber pegts egthm egre ig-im hatege bedg heghe aleg-m fleem heedshe ptath let aleg thush hegth lplegh pewh acth hlueghe sple pege thegle ejedgh h-ghm exhi eig egim there hethe [/font] 5165 word types, 377 valid tokens, 9623 invalid M = 20 [font=Courier New] wait ionedem whenct tesp rilved arioud foui cohee t'se ovoie-e idin ne sph tur dun iffs lane ar asthe ale sabor tht scarn ache at setes sued shon whined asppt ree swen en end an te tiom amale bumm peong hrof the seme rine pevely feea plin juf ablee asei ... nif mang ive mend aber grche thim isiay brelle ebrhin ofire thagly yged mard hapan gr soo nifth whe menth ievem lige tery agro mbe ime wik sthe ullft as aght head its gond hup aye unses upil trre lper men sad gre tht edge bysie fes ache tcht elll [/font] 6940 word types, 995 valid tokens, 9005 invalid