From jim@mail.rand.org  Sat Jul  1 07:23:09 2000
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Date: Sat, 1 Jul 2000 20:24:00 +0900
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From: Takeshi Takahashi <voynich@study.club.ne.jp>
To: Voynich List <voynich@rand.org>
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My Voynich web site has moved from: 
http://www3.justnet.ne.jp/~ttakahashike/voynich/index.htm 
to: 
http://www.voynich.com/                                               
Please update a link to the new address.

Thank you, 

Takeshi Takahashi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul  2 15:19:56 2000
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From: Jorge Stolfi <stolfi@ic.unicamp.br>
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    > [Rene:] I'm still lacking a good explanation for the occurrence of
    > the character sequence 'ed' (in Eva) which only starts 
    > appearing little by little in the astro section, to become
    > regular in the B language part.
    
The letter "e" is a problem for word paradigms. It pretty much seems
to be a modifier for other letters. The big question is whether it is
a letter prefix, postfix, both, or neither.

There is one good argument for "e" as a letter prefix: the cosmo
diagram on f69r apparently shows the word "dolsedy" split as
d-o-l-s-ed-y. However, I was unable to build a satisfactory word
paradigm that handles "e" as a prefix. A subconscious block, perhaps?
Anyway, my paradigm still has "e" as a post-modifier for "benches"
(ch/sh/ee) and gallows.

Indeed, it turns out that almost all occurrences of "ed" in language-B
material are preceded by one of those letters. My interpretation is
that the "e" post-modifier, which was relatively rare in language A,
became much more common in laguage B. The appearance of "ed" digraphs
is only a conspicuous secondary effect of that change.

Here are the "new" words in each major B section:

Stars:

    193 0.01792 chedy
    136 0.01263 qokeedy
    118 0.01096 shedy
     94 0.00873 okeey
     61 0.00566 otedy
     61 0.00566 oteey
     59 0.00548 qokedy
     56 0.00520 oteedy
     55 0.00511 lchedy
     49 0.00455 okeedy
     40 0.00371 qokey

Herbal-B:

     59 0.02034 chedy
     39 0.01344 qokedy
     32 0.01103 shedy
     24 0.00827 okedy
     22 0.00758 cheky
     20 0.00689 otedy
     13 0.00448 okeedy
     13 0.00448 ytedy
     12 0.00414 kedy
     12 0.00414 qotedy
 
Biological:

    251 0.03676 shedy
    218 0.03193 chedy
    163 0.02387 qokedy
    153 0.02241 qokeedy
     86 0.01260 qokeey
     59 0.00864 lchedy
     49 0.00718 otedy
     47 0.00688 qotedy
     45 0.00659 okedy
     44 0.00644 sheedy

Note that most of the "new" words of language B end
with "{cs|sh|k|t}{e|ee}dy".

Note also that, besides all those "*edy" words, language B also 
displays frequent new words that have "e" but not "d", such as
"okeey" and "oteey" in Stars, "cheky" in Herbal-B, and "qokeey" in Bio.

Also "chey" and "shey", which do occur in herbal-A, are almost twice
as common in Stars. At the same time, ofther popular language-A words
like "chol" and "chor" disappear. 

So, if the difference between A and B can be described as a 
spelling change, I would rather say that it was a matter
of replacing "o" by "e" as a post-modifier for benches
and gallows.

However, I am afraid that the A/B split cannot be properly described
by a change in structure or spelling or whatever.  The difference 
seems to be a matter of vocabulary ---
which may well be due to a change of topic, nothing else.
In language B we see a bunch of "new" and quite popular
words. Most of them happen to use the "e" modifier, especially
the "Xedy" or "Xeedy" termination; but this is probably because 
the suffix has some special meaning or grammatical importance. 

By the way, I am getting increasinly disenchanted about n-gram based
analysis. It is like feeding all the Louvre paintings through a food
processor, room by room, and then trying to reconstruct the hystory of
art from the resulting piles of colored oatmeal. We would see all sort
of interesting trends, sure. But it would suffice a couple of big
sunset paintings in one room to make us date Picasso a little before
Giotto but well after Monet...

What I am trying to get at is that n-gram statistics are not only a
blurry shadow of word statistics, but are in fact dominated by a few
common words or word families. Thus we should be paying more attention
to whole words...

All the best,

--stolfi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul  2 20:13:15 2000
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From: Karl Kluge <kckluge@eecs.umich.edu>
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Subject: Locations of Dee/Kelly/Jacob Tepenecz/etc. cites in Prague?
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OK, fellow Voynaholics, what are the must see sites in Prague for those
interested in the mystical/Voynich-related side of things? Hajek's house has
been mentioned -- where is that located? Also a "Faust" house. What else?

Thanks,

Karl

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul  2 20:17:23 2000
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From: Karl Kluge <kckluge@eecs.umich.edu>
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Subject: Voynich on TV (US cable) 7/14
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The "Exploring the Unknown" (skeptical viewpoint) series on Fox Family
channel will be having a segment on the Voynich Mss on the 7/14 show
(9 pm EDT).

Karl

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul  2 21:10:22 2000
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Date: Mon, 03 Jul 2000 01:10:19 +0000
From: Jim Gillogly <jim@acm.org>
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Subject: Re: Voynich on TV (US cable) 7/14
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Karl Kluge wrote:

> The "Exploring the Unknown" (skeptical viewpoint) series on Fox Family
> channel will be having a segment on the Voynich Mss on the 7/14 show
> (9 pm EDT).

I was interviewed for this program, at Jim Reeds' instigation.  I hope
I didn't say anything absolutely stupid!  I understand there will be at
least two other segments in the program, including one on Roanoke Island
and one on Jack the Ripper.  They told me the Beinecke wasn't interested
in participating -- I don't know who else they talked to.

-- 
	Jim Gillogly
	Trewesday, 10 Afterlithe S.R. 2000, 01:09
	12.19.7.6.4, 11 Kan 7 Tzec, Seventh Lord of Night

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul  3 00:03:04 2000
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Date: Mon, 03 Jul 2000 04:02:20 +0000
From: Jim Gillogly <jim@acm.org>
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Subject: Re: Voynich on TV (US cable) 7/14
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Jim Gillogly wrote:
> 
> Karl Kluge wrote:
> 
> > The "Exploring the Unknown" (skeptical viewpoint) series on Fox Family
> > channel will be having a segment on the Voynich Mss on the 7/14 show
> > (9 pm EDT).
> 
> I was interviewed for this program, at Jim Reeds' instigation.  I hope

Oops, that was another program.  I was interviewed for a segment for the
History Channel.  Looks like a confluence of interest.
-- 
	Jim Gillogly
	Trewesday, 10 Afterlithe S.R. 2000, 04:01
	12.19.7.6.4, 11 Kan 7 Tzec, Seventh Lord of Night

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul  3 03:58:43 2000
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From: Jorge Stolfi <stolfi@ic.unicamp.br>
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    > [Karl Kluge:] OK, fellow Voynaholics, what are the must see
    > sites in Prague for those interested in the
    > mystical/Voynich-related side of things?
    
If you wish to find new information about the VMS, the most important
thing is to have a local contact that is willing to help you
to libraries and such.  When Rene and I went there last february,
we were lucky to be guided by several extremely helpful people - Marcela and Kamil,
Michal Pober and his assistant, and Lubos Antonin (head of the Czech 
Natl. Museum).  Rene may have more to say, since it was he who 
got those contacts and arranged the meetings.

The most likely place to find new information is probably the Clementinum,
which currently houses the Prague branch of the Czech National Library.
Besides a huge collection of "ordinary" books, it also has a large
collection of rare books and manuscripts.
Rene and I spent about 8 hours total in the library, most of it 
searching through one single N-volume work (Schmidl's History of the Jesuits
in Bohemia).  Obviously there is a lot more to find there; perhaps
even Jacobus's own writings.  (We didn't know at the time, but
Jacobus's tomb, with a statue of him, was (is?) in the Clementinum's church.)

Another place that may be worth digging through is the Strahov
Monastery library. Rene and I visited it only as tourists; their
library is immense and apparently still being catalogued. The papers
of Marci's "intellectual heir" Nigroponte seem to be there, so perhaps
there one could find more information about Baresch. However, unlike
the Clementinum's, the Strahov library did not seem to be open to
public consultation; You'll probably need very good contacts to do
research there.


    > Hajek's house has
    > been mentioned -- where is that located? Also a "Faust" house. What else?

Hajek's house doesn't exist anymore; Michal Pober showed us the 
place where it used to be, which his assistant had recently discovered
through old city maps.

All the ebst,

--stolfi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul  3 04:57:19 2000
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From: Rene Zandbergen <rene@voynich.nu>
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Karl Kluge wrote:

> Hajek's house has
> been mentioned -- where is that located? Also a "Faust" house. 
> What else?

And Stolfi:

> Hajek's house doesn't exist anymore; Michal Pober showed us the 
> place where it used to be, which his assistant had recently discovered
> through old city maps.

Hajek's house was on Betlem square, still famous as it has the
church where Jan Hus used to preach. On the western half of the
square is now a fish restaurant on a corner, which coincides
with half of the room where Dee and Kelly did their sceances.

The Faust house still exists but I don't know if you can
visit it. The 'confusion' I wrote about earlier was rather on
the subject of the supposed alchemical mural paintings which
M.Pober said are in the Faust house, but Fell-Smith gives for
the Hajek house. Maybe they had them both...
I don't know if the Faust house can be visited, whether it
still has the paintings or in fact whether it is worth
pursuing. Any decent travel guide of Prague should mention
it (and its location) - mine did. If you're interested I
can dig it up.

The most tangible memory of Dee, Kelly and a few others is
in the 'alchemists tower' in the Prague Castle. The nearby
gold alley was not the place where they lived or worked, by
the way.

Apart from Tepenecz' grave in the Salvator/ St. Saviour Church
in the Clementinum, you might try to see if Raphael's grave 
is still there (same church). Even Marci's grave could be
there (need to check).

As for Strahov, Michael John Gorman is going there soon, to
check the Kircher letters, and he also expressed an interest
in the Dobrzenski / Nigro Ponte MS. I'm not sure if we're
going to hear about anything he may find though...

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul  3 08:54:38 2000
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Subject: Re: Locations of Dee/Kelly/Jacob Tepenecz/etc. cites in Prague?
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the strahov library is administered by the premonstrate order who also own 
the whole strahov monastery. the best way to start is to go to clementinum 
to the rare and manuscript collection department and look through the 
published catalogue of the strahov manuscript collection. then you should 
have a czech person call the monastery librarian, tell them what your 
purpose of study is and most likely you can arrange a study period at the 
library. there is also an unpublished typewritten part of the catalogue 
which you should request once at the monastery's library. i went through 
this procedure several times when working on my thesis. good luck.
the faust house is at the northernmost end of karlovo square. the last time 
i was in prague (last september) the were doing a complete reconstruction of 
the building. it might be open to the public again i don't know.
a tremendously interesting site for anyone familiar or interested in alchemy 
in general is the star summer chateau (letohradek hvezda).it has just 
reopened after years of reconstruction. its layout, inner structure and 
decorations are all based on alchemical principals and the zodiac.
have a great trip    milan
________________________________________________________________________
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From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul  3 12:40:30 2000
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Karl Kluge napisa(a):
> 
> OK, fellow Voynaholics, what are the must see sites in Prague for those
> interested in the mystical/Voynich-related side of things? Hajek's house has
> been mentioned -- where is that located? Also a "Faust" house. What else?

There is actually a special tourist guide to all magical places
in Prague (there are so many of them!). It was available everywhere
in several major languages when I was there last time (2 years ago?).
Here are the details of the English version:

    Martin Stejskal, _The Secrets of Magic Prague_, 
    Dauphin Publishers, Prague 1997.ISBN 80-86019-40-3

I would also highly recommend the Italian (yes!) book:

    Angelo Maria Ripellino, _Praga magica_ (1991)

I do not know if it was published in English - there were certainly
translations into Czech and Polish (1997). It is not a guide
but rather a portrait of the city, its history and culture.
Highly readable and capturing the spirit of Prague in a wonderful
way. If you can get hold of it, you will certainly enjoy it.

The place where I *always* go when in Prague is a beer-bar 
"U Magistra Kellyho" [At Master Kelley's] - it is near 
the center but off the usual tourist routes, in the court yard
of an old house where - they say - Westonia lived (but I am not
sure if it is not another legend). Her oil portrait (a copy?) 
is inside, and walls are decorated with (rather amateurish
but nice) alchemical drawings. And my favourite Urquell beer
is much cheaper then elsewhere!

Best regards,

Rafal


From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul  3 13:40:47 2000
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From: Zandbergen@t-online.de (Rene Zandbergen)
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I wrote:

>     > I'm still lacking a good explanation for the occurrence of
>     > the character sequence 'ed' (in Eva) which only starts
>     > appearing little by little in the astro section, to become
>     > regular in the B language part.

and Stolfi responded.

> There is one good argument for "e" as a letter prefix: the cosmo
> diagram on f69r apparently shows the word "dolsedy" split as
> d-o-l-s-ed-y. 

Interesting. I had always looked at these as single letters.
(One of the 7 planet names is dolchs[e|o]dy; that allows for
further speculation, some other time)

> [...] it turns out that almost all occurrences of "ed" in language-B
> material are preceded by one of those letters. My interpretation is
> that the "e" post-modifier, which was relatively rare in language A,
> became much more common in laguage B. The appearance of "ed" digraphs
> is only a conspicuous secondary effect of that change.

Now the statistics show a clear and rather spectacular increase 
in this digraph. These statistics say nothing about the cause.
I am quite open to whether it is e-d which starts appearing or
Xe-d, where X is one of a set. I'm willing to go along with Stolfi's
hypothesis of post-modifiers.
(For reference, see the plot at http://www.voynich.nu/diorder.gif)

A more basic question is: is the new combination something new,
or does it evolve from something else. If it is part of an
evolution, then what is evolving? Such an evolution is possible 
for all scenarios: language, encrypted language, pseudo-language
(glossolalia) and human-created gibberish.
With a lot of imagination, one could imagine the following
evolution (Eva and Currier)

chol   =>   cheol    =>    cheody    =>    chedy
SOE    =>   SCOE     =>    SCO89     =>    SC89

These words do exist in different ratios in different sections
of the MS, but they also exist next to each other in one section,
which probaby means that this is not one word evolving into
different forms...

> Here are the "new" words in each major B section:
> 
> Stars:
> [...]
> Herbal-B:
> [...]
> Biological:
> [...]
>
> Note that most of the "new" words of language B end
> with "{cs|sh|k|t}{e|ee}dy".

Absolutely. Perhaps even more striking is the fact that 
without a single exception, all new words which I did not
quote above end with -y (unless this was a selection
criterium).

> Note also that, besides all those "*edy" words, language B also
> displays frequent new words that have "e" but not "d", such as
> "okeey" and "oteey" in Stars, "cheky" in Herbal-B, and "qokeey" in Bio.
> 
> Also "chey" and "shey", which do occur in herbal-A, are almost twice
> as common in Stars. At the same time, other popular language-A words
> like "chol" and "chor" disappear.

Yes, all these changes occur, and some of them are quite gradual over
the sections for which Currier did not have a transcription available
when he made his A vs. B observation. Note that the introduction
of 'ed' is not instantaneous, but happens in the course of only
a few pages.

> So, if the difference between A and B can be described as a
> spelling change, I would rather say that it was a matter
> of replacing "o" by "e" as a post-modifier for benches
> and gallows.

This could well be true. It is one of the options.
Jacques already described the change from <cho> (and a few
others) to <che> (and a few others) a long time ago. But the
question is the same. The change can be the result of a 
trend which: 
- prefers the insertion of a new character
- prefers the replacement of one character by another
- prefers the deletion of a character 
 
To come back to the above, I doubt that there are as many <chod>
in A as there are <ched> in B.
 
> However, I am afraid that the A/B split cannot be properly described
> by a change in structure or spelling or whatever.  The difference
> seems to be a matter of vocabulary ---
> which may well be due to a change of topic, nothing else.

This is one of several valid explanations, but one which has 
a major consequence. It would mean that Herbal-A and Herbal-B
are not about the same topic, i.e. the text does not belong to
the pictures, etc...

I have various (admittedly weak) arguments why there should be
a correlation between text and pictures, which I'll save for
another post. 

> In language B we see a bunch of "new" and quite popular
> words. Most of them happen to use the "e" modifier, especially
> the "Xedy" or "Xeedy" termination; but this is probably because
> the suffix has some special meaning or grammatical importance.

I'm looking for an explanation of the new digraph, and this
could be one of the causes.

> By the way, I am getting increasinly disenchanted about n-gram based
> analysis. It is like feeding all the Louvre paintings through a food
> processor, room by room, and then trying to reconstruct the hystory of
> art from the resulting piles of colored oatmeal. 

It could work... but wouldn't it be a pity.
Long live electronic text processing :-)
 
> What I am trying to get at is that n-gram statistics are not only a
> blurry shadow of word statistics, but are in fact dominated by a few
> common words or word families. Thus we should be paying more attention
> to whole words...

Well, the statistic stands and lacks an explanation. It is also a very
odd statistic for which I cannot think of a parrallel in any known (to 
me) language. If looking at word statistics can provide the answer, then
this is surely worth pursuing.
The nice part about digraph statistics is a purely opportunistic one.
The sample per page is rather significant, and not too sensitive to
uncertain readings or uncertain spaces. And there is much more 'signal'
than in the single character frequency.

So, to summarise:
yes, there are many new words arising with the digraph 'ed' in them,
in the course of a few pages in the MS (over the zodiac section in
fact).
The question to be answered is what could cause this emergence of 
various words with this one digraph. Spelling is possible. Just
'vocabulary' doesn't explain anything, since it would require that there
is some kind of a rule for the introduction of new words. 
I want to find out what the rule is.

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul  3 13:59:20 2000
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To: "'rene@voynich.nu'" <rene@voynich.nu>,
        "voynich@rand.org" <voynich@rand.org>
Subject: RE: The digraph <ed> (Currier C8)
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2000 11:59:05 -0600
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On Monday, July 03, 2000 11:45 AM, Rene Zandbergen [SMTP:Zandbergen@t-online.de] wrote:
>
> > By the way, I am getting increasinly disenchanted about n-gram based
> > analysis. It is like feeding all the Louvre paintings through a food
> > processor, room by room, and then trying to reconstruct the hystory of
> > art from the resulting piles of colored oatmeal. 
> 
>
Gee, that's the "fast" way to decode the human genome!!!!  :-)
Don

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul  3 17:12:29 2000
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Reply-To: "John Grove" <John@morewood.net>
From: "John Grove" <4groves@sprint.ca>
To: <voynich@rand.org>
References: <200006172339.UAA28582@coruja.dcc.unicamp.br>	<394C7E12.916FCE99@voynich.nu> <200007021917.QAA09611@coruja.dcc.unicamp.br> <3960D113.8497A40F@voynich.nu>
Subject: Re: The digraph <ed> (Currier C8)
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2000 17:16:42 -0400
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I wanted to take a closer look at the odd number of double-letters appearing
in the later folios that don't show up at all in the early folios. However,
this discussion about the increased 'ed' may in fact be related. I've
noticed that quite a few of the words on folios 105-116 could be the same
type of 'evolution' of wordforms that Rene speaks of - except that I'm
looking at the increase of words beginning or ending with 'L' -(to the point
that if spacing isn't quite right I'm misreading some doubles like
'pchollarar' on f116r).  I think many of the 'L' words on these pages could
very well be typical 'o'-prefixed lables/words elsewhere, and 'L'-ending
words are frequently 'y'-ending words elsewhere. The major problem is - I
still have some o-prefixed, and y-ending words mixed in on the same page.
Other oddities in these last few pages are 'clipped' words. These words
don't normally appear in use without being part of another word -- air, iir,
iirchal, qo... (Some of these prefixed with single letters to form words not
seen anywhere else - I.e. kiin oiin)
qe, qa prefixes instead of just qo, and words ending in gallows (qeey, qaor,
qool, qeol)
Increase in use of 'x' in words/phrases (f115v): lx or xoiin

On f105v - Two words that jumped out at me were ypcheddy - and - pcheddl.
One 'could' assume that they are the same word with a variation in spelling
due to declination or conjugation: pchedd being the root - y as a
prefix/suffix - as well as 'l' as an 'alternate y' prefix.

dcheodl = dcheody?
lky = oky?
lkl = oky?

Well, gotta go!

John.

----- Original Message -----
From: Rene Zandbergen <Zandbergen@t-online.de>
To: <voynich@rand.org>
Sent: Monday, July 03, 2000 1:44 PM
Subject: The digraph <ed> (Currier C8)


> I wrote:
>
> >     > I'm still lacking a good explanation for the occurrence of
> >     > the character sequence 'ed' (in Eva) which only starts
> >     > appearing little by little in the astro section, to become
> >     > regular in the B language part.
>
> and Stolfi responded.
>
> > There is one good argument for "e" as a letter prefix: the cosmo
> > diagram on f69r apparently shows the word "dolsedy" split as
> > d-o-l-s-ed-y.
>
> Interesting. I had always looked at these as single letters.
> (One of the 7 planet names is dolchs[e|o]dy; that allows for
> further speculation, some other time)
>
> > [...] it turns out that almost all occurrences of "ed" in language-B
> > material are preceded by one of those letters. My interpretation is
> > that the "e" post-modifier, which was relatively rare in language A,
> > became much more common in laguage B. The appearance of "ed" digraphs
> > is only a conspicuous secondary effect of that change.
>
> Now the statistics show a clear and rather spectacular increase
> in this digraph. These statistics say nothing about the cause.
> I am quite open to whether it is e-d which starts appearing or
> Xe-d, where X is one of a set. I'm willing to go along with Stolfi's
> hypothesis of post-modifiers.
> (For reference, see the plot at http://www.voynich.nu/diorder.gif)
>
> A more basic question is: is the new combination something new,
> or does it evolve from something else. If it is part of an
> evolution, then what is evolving? Such an evolution is possible
> for all scenarios: language, encrypted language, pseudo-language
> (glossolalia) and human-created gibberish.
> With a lot of imagination, one could imagine the following
> evolution (Eva and Currier)
>
> chol   =>   cheol    =>    cheody    =>    chedy
> SOE    =>   SCOE     =>    SCO89     =>    SC89
>
> These words do exist in different ratios in different sections
> of the MS, but they also exist next to each other in one section,
> which probaby means that this is not one word evolving into
> different forms...
>
> > Here are the "new" words in each major B section:
> >
> > Stars:
> > [...]
> > Herbal-B:
> > [...]
> > Biological:
> > [...]
> >
> > Note that most of the "new" words of language B end
> > with "{cs|sh|k|t}{e|ee}dy".
>
> Absolutely. Perhaps even more striking is the fact that
> without a single exception, all new words which I did not
> quote above end with -y (unless this was a selection
> criterium).
>
> > Note also that, besides all those "*edy" words, language B also
> > displays frequent new words that have "e" but not "d", such as
> > "okeey" and "oteey" in Stars, "cheky" in Herbal-B, and "qokeey" in Bio.
> >
> > Also "chey" and "shey", which do occur in herbal-A, are almost twice
> > as common in Stars. At the same time, other popular language-A words
> > like "chol" and "chor" disappear.
>
> Yes, all these changes occur, and some of them are quite gradual over
> the sections for which Currier did not have a transcription available
> when he made his A vs. B observation. Note that the introduction
> of 'ed' is not instantaneous, but happens in the course of only
> a few pages.
>
> > So, if the difference between A and B can be described as a
> > spelling change, I would rather say that it was a matter
> > of replacing "o" by "e" as a post-modifier for benches
> > and gallows.
>
> This could well be true. It is one of the options.
> Jacques already described the change from <cho> (and a few
> others) to <che> (and a few others) a long time ago. But the
> question is the same. The change can be the result of a
> trend which:
> - prefers the insertion of a new character
> - prefers the replacement of one character by another
> - prefers the deletion of a character
>
> To come back to the above, I doubt that there are as many <chod>
> in A as there are <ched> in B.
>
> > However, I am afraid that the A/B split cannot be properly described
> > by a change in structure or spelling or whatever.  The difference
> > seems to be a matter of vocabulary ---
> > which may well be due to a change of topic, nothing else.
>
> This is one of several valid explanations, but one which has
> a major consequence. It would mean that Herbal-A and Herbal-B
> are not about the same topic, i.e. the text does not belong to
> the pictures, etc...
>
> I have various (admittedly weak) arguments why there should be
> a correlation between text and pictures, which I'll save for
> another post.
>
> > In language B we see a bunch of "new" and quite popular
> > words. Most of them happen to use the "e" modifier, especially
> > the "Xedy" or "Xeedy" termination; but this is probably because
> > the suffix has some special meaning or grammatical importance.
>
> I'm looking for an explanation of the new digraph, and this
> could be one of the causes.
>
> > By the way, I am getting increasinly disenchanted about n-gram based
> > analysis. It is like feeding all the Louvre paintings through a food
> > processor, room by room, and then trying to reconstruct the hystory of
> > art from the resulting piles of colored oatmeal.
>
> It could work... but wouldn't it be a pity.
> Long live electronic text processing :-)
>
> > What I am trying to get at is that n-gram statistics are not only a
> > blurry shadow of word statistics, but are in fact dominated by a few
> > common words or word families. Thus we should be paying more attention
> > to whole words...
>
> Well, the statistic stands and lacks an explanation. It is also a very
> odd statistic for which I cannot think of a parrallel in any known (to
> me) language. If looking at word statistics can provide the answer, then
> this is surely worth pursuing.
> The nice part about digraph statistics is a purely opportunistic one.
> The sample per page is rather significant, and not too sensitive to
> uncertain readings or uncertain spaces. And there is much more 'signal'
> than in the single character frequency.
>
> So, to summarise:
> yes, there are many new words arising with the digraph 'ed' in them,
> in the course of a few pages in the MS (over the zodiac section in
> fact).
> The question to be answered is what could cause this emergence of
> various words with this one digraph. Spelling is possible. Just
> 'vocabulary' doesn't explain anything, since it would require that there
> is some kind of a rule for the introduction of new words.
> I want to find out what the rule is.
>
> Cheers, Rene
>

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul  4 05:53:46 2000
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Date: Tue, 04 Jul 2000 09:52:50 +0000
From: Rene Zandbergen <rene@voynich.nu>
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Dear all,

I would say something about why I think there could be a
correlation between text and pictures in the VMs (which
is not exactly the same as saying that the text belongs
with the pictures).

Of course, there is a very strong point against such a
correlation: the Herbal-A (HeA) and -B (HeB) pages have
the same type of illustrations, yet vastly different text
statistics. If we want to maintain that the HeA and HeB
text are about the same subject, we have a few difficult
questions to answer.

Now for some other considerations.
Petersen counted both sides of folio 58 as belonging with
the stars section (there are some stars on it). Now
f58 is in a quire which also has a few cosmo pages, a few
herbal ones and lots of missing ones. (If this was the
executive summary, it is in an odd place, but anyway).
The 'real' stars section is from ff.103-116 (quire 20).
Several years ago, I pointed out the fact that some pages
in this quire have frequent occurrences of the word
'qokeey' (4OFCC9) while others do not have it at all.
This is also the case for f58. Zero occurrences on the
recto and six on the verso. Coincidence? Perhaps. 
Another 'stars section' word is 'raiin' (2AM),
which has only few occurrences outside this section.
This seems like a case of a subject-matter-dependent word,
but admittedly there are not many such clear cases.

Another point which I think supports the correlation
between text and pictures (and perhaps increases the
chance that there is meaning in the VMs) is the fact
that the word frequency distribution of the labels (notably
the zodiac labels) is much flatter than for the running
text. Clearly, the labels are not just running text written
word for word. If they are star names or latitudes, or
properties for the corresponding degree of the zodiac, this
would be expected.
An oddity in the zodiac labels is the occurrence of a number
of them beginning with oeeo-. This is only over a few signs
(mostly Virgo and Libra). The same prefix also occurs in
the circular text in that area. I don't know what it means
but I am convinced that it means _something_

I look forward to seeing other examples or in fact counter-
examples.

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul  4 12:41:01 2000
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Date: Tue, 04 Jul 2000 18:23:22 +0200
From: "Rafal T. Prinke" <rafalp@amu.edu.pl>
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I have now checked the reference I mentioned previously:

   V. Flajshans, Knihy ceske v knihovnach svedkych a ruskych
      [Czech books in Swedish and Russian libraries], Praha 1897

and can report that:

The "Trithemius MS" by Raphael Mnisovsky was (and maybe still is)
in the Uppsala University library and had call number: MS Slav. 60.
There are 416 pages, of which only 375 had been used. The author
signed it as "Raphael Mnisch."

The text ends on folio 188r, 188v is blank, and on 189r there
is a note in green (!) ink: 

   "finii ultima Octobris 1628. L.D.B.g.M.S.V."

The siglum "M.S.V." stands for "Maiestas Sacra Vestra" rather
than "Manuscriptus Voynichensis" :-)  But I am not sure about
the beginning ("Locum dedit bene"?).

Best regards,

Rafal


From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul  4 12:41:06 2000
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From: "Rafal T. Prinke" <rafalp@amu.edu.pl>
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Ever since I saw the re-drawn VMS Sagittarius in d'Imperio,
I kept wondering about the crossbow motif. Searching 
the list archives I have only found one message by Jorge Stolfi
in which he pointed out the crossbow is European and
medieval (rather than Greek).

It may, however, be important to find (if possible) another
example of Sagittarius with a crossbow. I must say that
I have never seen anything like that. Traditionally,
Sagittarius is a Centaur with a bow - and a similar
representation can even be found in earlier Babylonian
art. Also in Hindu astrology, which incorporated 
the 12 Babylonian signs, it still remains a Centaur.

I have seen several instances of Sagittarius represented
by a human archer - in medieval and renaissance German
images - but still holding a bow, never a crossbow.

As it seems to be so rare, finding a similar image
might perhaps restrict the dating and/or area 
where VMS was created.

Best regards,

Rafal

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul  4 18:01:10 2000
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    > [Rafal:] Searching the list archives I have only found
    > one message by Jorge Stolfi in which he pointed out the
    > crossbow is European and medieval (rather than Greek).

That's my belief, but watch out --- I may be mistaken.

I do recall reading, however, that the crossbow was forbidden
by the Church in medieval times, soon after it was invented (or
introduced to Europe) --- since its darts could easily pierce
the contemporary knight's armor, which had evolved to protect
against the arrows of common bows only.

(Needless to say, the Church's prohibition only prevented its
use by God-fearing generals who sincerely believed in giving
their enemies a fair chance. Please don't ask me to name any. 8-)

    > It may, however, be important to find (if possible)
    > another example of Sagittarius with a crossbow. I have
    > seen several instances of Sagittarius represented by a
    > human archer - in medieval and renaissance German images
    > - but still holding a bow, never a crossbow.
  
It seems that Sagittarius's name in medieval
Turkish (and/or in Arabic) was literally "the bow".

So, here is a possible explanation for the Sagittarius
picture. Suppose the Zodiac diagrams were drawn by a
Turkish/Arabic scholar who was trying to produce an
European-looking manuscript (e.g. for an European patron or
colleague). His name for that sign being "The Bow", he
implicitly assumes that the bow, not the centaur, is the
important element of the European symbol. So he carfully
draws a crossbow --- "the characteristic European bow" ---
and then "pads" the icon with a soldier in European dress.

All the best,

--stolfi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul  4 18:29:51 2000
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From: reeds@research.att.com (Jim Reeds)
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        "more on Uppsala MS" (Jul  4, 18:23)
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A friend just told me that Gerhard Strasser's _Lingua Universalis_
mentions the Uppsala MS:  "that Emperor  Ferdinand II learned Czech with the help of this
Trithemian-style  book. This seems to be a fact; this is one of
the prime reasons why Ferd.  II asked Kircher around 1652 (or 54)
to analyze Trithemius, a work that  finally and ultimately resulted
in the 1666 _Polygraphia_. The intro. to  _Poly_ should state this
fact, too."  He mentions that as far as he knows Mnisch's work
is still in Uppsala.

I have a copy of Strasser's book, but it's in the office and
I'm at home.


-- 
Jim Reeds, AT&T Labs - Research
Shannon Laboratory, Room C229, Building 103
180 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, USA

reeds@research.att.com, phone: +1 973 360 8414, fax: +1 973 360 8178

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul  4 18:34:49 2000
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From: Zandbergen@t-online.de (Rene Zandbergen)
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Rafal T. Prinke wrote:
 
> Ever since I saw the re-drawn VMS Sagittarius in d'Imperio,
> I kept wondering about the crossbow motif. [...]
> It may, however, be important to find (if possible) another
> example of Sagittarius with a crossbow. I must say that
> I have never seen anything like that. [...]
> As it seems to be so rare, finding a similar image
> might perhaps restrict the dating and/or area
> where VMS was created.

>From my limited experience it seems quite rare indeed.
I know one example, in an image I happen to have at my
web site. There are two crossbows in:
http://www.voynich.nu/leo.gif
These should be interpreted as two stars belonging to
the constellation of Sagittarius which either rise, set
or culminate while this degree of the sign of Leo rises
(the principle of 'paranatellonta').

The MS originates from king Alfonso X (unless I am much
mistaken), and it used to belong to Queen Christina of
Sweden. I wouldn't make too much of the latter...

There is 'something odd' with many of the zodiac
emblems, e.g. having two lobsters with a line connecting
their mouths, for Cancer.

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul  4 23:34:23 2000
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Date: Tue, 04 Jul 2000 17:32:54 -1000
From: Brian Eric Farnell <bfarnell@gte.net>
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Jorge Stolfi wrote:

> 
> I do recall reading, however, that the crossbow was forbidden
> by the Church in medieval times, soon after it was invented (or
> introduced to Europe) --- 

For what it's worth, the Church did forbid it's use, with the
exception that it could be used against Moslems.  Maybe that
would help localize the MS origins.  I would assume whoever
chose to draw a crossbow in the hands of the archer thought it
quite a normal type of bow.  Maybe the MS originated in the Holy
land.  The Templars, for instance, were often quite proficient
at Arabic and employed Arabic scribes.  That might explain the
Middle Eastern flavor to the script that accompanies the very
Western looking illustrations.  
Regards,
Brian

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul  4 23:49:48 2000
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Date: Wed, 05 Jul 2000 03:49:17 +0000
From: Jim Gillogly <jim@acm.org>
Organization: Banzai Institute
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Subject: Re: Sagittarius and crossbow
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Brian Eric Farnell wrote:
> For what it's worth, the Church did forbid it's use, with the
> exception that it could be used against Moslems.  Maybe that
> would help localize the MS origins.  I would assume whoever
> chose to draw a crossbow in the hands of the archer thought it
> quite a normal type of bow.  Maybe the MS originated in the Holy
> land.  The Templars, for instance, were often quite proficient
> at Arabic and employed Arabic scribes.  That might explain the
> Middle Eastern flavor to the script that accompanies the very
> Western looking illustrations.

It seems to me one doesn't need to go to the Middle East to find
Islam in that era -- wasn't Elizabeth Bathory's Transylvania
under Ottoman control?  This is also well before the siege of
Vienna, which was rather close to the front lines for quite a
while, if I recall.

-- 
	Jim Gillogly
	Mersday, 12 Afterlithe S.R. 2000, 03:46
	12.19.7.6.6, 13 Cimi 9 Tzec, Ninth Lord of Night

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul  5 00:02:47 2000
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Date: Tue, 04 Jul 2000 18:00:54 -1000
From: Brian Eric Farnell <bfarnell@gte.net>
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To: Jim Gillogly <jim@acm.org>, Voynich List <voynich@rand.org>
Subject: Re: Sagittarius and crossbow
References: <396212F9.6433FB06@amu.edu.pl> <200007042159.SAA28399@neper.dcc.unicamp.br> <3962AC66.6E784DFB@gte.net> <3962B03D.AA2C07BF@acm.org>
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Yes, and I wasn't even thinking, I just always associate the
crossbow with the Holy land.  Regards,
Brian

Jim Gillogly wrote:
> 
> Brian Eric Farnell wrote:
> > For what it's worth, the Church did forbid it's use, with the
> > exception that it could be used against Moslems.  Maybe that
> > would help localize the MS origins.  I would assume whoever
> > chose to draw a crossbow in the hands of the archer thought it
> > quite a normal type of bow.  Maybe the MS originated in the Holy
> > land.  The Templars, for instance, were often quite proficient
> > at Arabic and employed Arabic scribes.  That might explain the
> > Middle Eastern flavor to the script that accompanies the very
> > Western looking illustrations.
> 
> It seems to me one doesn't need to go to the Middle East to find
> Islam in that era -- wasn't Elizabeth Bathory's Transylvania
> under Ottoman control?  This is also well before the siege of
> Vienna, which was rather close to the front lines for quite a
> while, if I recall.
> 
> --
>         Jim Gillogly
>         Mersday, 12 Afterlithe S.R. 2000, 03:46
>         12.19.7.6.6, 13 Cimi 9 Tzec, Ninth Lord of Night

From reeds Wed Jul  5 00:19:35 2000
From: reeds@fry.research.att.com (Jim Reeds)
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Date: Wed, 5 Jul 2000 00:19:34 -0400
In-Reply-To: Jim Gillogly <jim@acm.org>
        "Re: Sagittarius and crossbow" (Jul  5,  3:49)
References: <396212F9.6433FB06@amu.edu.pl> 
	<200007042159.SAA28399@neper.dcc.unicamp.br> 
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To: Jim Gillogly <jim@acm.org>, Brian Eric Farnell <bfarnell@gte.net>
Subject: Re: Sagittarius and crossbow
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Is the topic under discussion the use of an image of a crossbowman
rather than of an archer as a Zodiacal sign, as Rafal first
asked?  Or is it whether the crossbow was unknown in parts of
Europe for long periods of time, and hence be useable to date and
locate the production of the VMS?

I think the crossbow was known throught all of Europe throughout
the late middle ages, as a glance at paintings of the period
will show.  The existence of bans against their use is further
proof that they were common, just as one knows that there must
be many hand guns in America because we have so many laws against
them.  (Further, the prohibition would not cover their use as
hunting weapons.)  I think there is picture of a crossbowman in
Villard de Honnecourt's sketch book (mid 1200's?) but I can't 
lay my hands on it now.

-- 
Jim Reeds, AT&T Labs - Research
Shannon Laboratory, Room C229, Building 103
180 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, USA

reeds@research.att.com, phone: +1 973 360 8414, fax: +1 973 360 8178

From reeds Wed Jul  5 00:43:22 2000
From: reeds@fry.research.att.com (Jim Reeds)
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Date: Wed, 5 Jul 2000 00:43:21 -0400
In-Reply-To: reeds@research.att.com (Jim Reeds)
        "Re: Sagittarius and crossbow" (Jul  5,  0:19)
References: <396212F9.6433FB06@amu.edu.pl> 
	<200007042159.SAA28399@neper.dcc.unicamp.br> 
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To: reeds@research.att.com (Jim Reeds), Jim Gillogly <jim@acm.org>, 
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And: the OED gives an 1100 citation for "arbalest", which is
an older term for "crossbow". 

-- 
Jim Reeds, AT&T Labs - Research
Shannon Laboratory, Room C229, Building 103
180 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, USA

reeds@research.att.com, phone: +1 973 360 8414, fax: +1 973 360 8178

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul  5 02:42:16 2000
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    > [Jim Reeds:] Is the topic under discussion the use of an image
    > of a crossbowman rather than of an archer as a Zodiacal sign, as
    > Rafal first asked?

The prohibition story was merely meant to prove that the crossbow was
unknown to the Greeks. But, as you say, that doesn't matter --- the 1100
OED citation implies that the crossbow, although medieval, is still
too old to be a meaningful marker.

    > [Jim Gillogly:] It seems to me one doesn't need to go to the
    > Middle East to find Islam in that era
    
Varying parts of Spain and Portugal were under Islamic rule from 711
to 1492.

All the best,

--stolfi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul  5 02:41:35 2000
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Jim Reeds wrote:
> 
> And: the OED gives an 1100 citation for "arbalest", which is
> an older term for "crossbow".

I looked it up and was very surprised to read that it came
from the Latin "arcuballista". Then, I was not surprised
after all. A crossbow is a portable ballista, after all.
I chased it up in my Larousse encyclopedia, hoping to find
a date. None in the 1902 edition; I swiped my wife's 1930
edition... it was mentioned in the 4th century AD by
"Vegece".
Must be "Vegetius"
 but who was he?  Vegece... Flavius 
Vegetius Renatus, military historian, lived in
Constantinopolis...
Reminded me of 451, when Attila was stopped in "les Champs
Catalauniques" by....Aetius. I have a strong suspicions that
the Huns used crossbows, and that they were a Chinese
invention.
But I cannot remember where I read that (or whether I am
imagining it). Tout ca, c'est vieux comme Herode....

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul  5 03:07:17 2000
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From: Jorge Stolfi <stolfi@ic.unicamp.br>
To: voynich@rand.org
Subject: More about turkish: planets and zodiac signs
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Hi there,

In answer to a query of mine posted to soc.culture.turkish, 
Yusuf B. Gursey <ybg@world.std.com> kindly provided 
transliteration and translation of the labels on this
Turkish Ptolemaic system diagram:

  http://www.dcc.unicamp.br/~stolfi/temp/turkish-ms-dgm.jpg

Here is a summary of his responses, liberally 
rearranged and reformatted (my interpolations in []):

    > the diagram has the earth at the center. [I] can't see it
    > mentioned by name [which would be] "arz" (arabic "'arD").
    > nowadays people would be more familiar with "dnya" (also
    > of arabic origin but meaning "world" ratehr than earth).
    > a native word would be "yer" or "yeryz".

    > [then, outwards from the center, we see] the arabic names
    > of the ptolemaic "planets (inc. sun & moon)", sometimes
    > saying "sphere of".
    
    >   qamer              moon
    >   utarid             mercury
    >   zuhre              venus
    >   $ems               sun
    >   felek-i merix      sphere of mars
    >   felek-i m$teri    sphere of jupiter
    >   felek-i zuhal      sphere of saturn
    
    > [Then there is a circular band, divided into 12 segments.
    > The segment at 12:00 says]
    > "felek-i sevabit-i cedi" [meaning] 
    > sphere of the fixed {stars} of aries
    
    > [The following 11 sectors, in counterclockwise order,
    > contain] the signs of the zodiac (no definite article on
    > the arabic names though):
    > 
    >   delv            aquarius ( "bucket")
    >   hut             pisces ("whale")
    >   hamel           aries
    >   sevr            taurus
    >   cevza           gemini ("twins")
    >   seratan         cancer
    >   esed            leo
    >   snble         virgo ("ear of wheat")
    >   mizan           libra ("scales")
    >   `aqreb          scorpio
    >   qavis           sagitarius ("the bow")
    >
    > [The last sign is at 12:00, alone in the next outer 
    > circular band:] 
    >
    >   "felekl'eflk" (arabic "falakul'afla:k")
    >   [meaning] "sphere of Capricorn"

    > apparent solar motion is to the left. all constellations
    > have the same meanings in arabic as in latin, except when
    > indicated.
    
    > ["$" denotes s-cedilla, pronounced "sh"]

    > arabic has only three primary vowel qualities [a,i,u] and
    > two lengths. for turkish [which has 8 vowels] one can
    > guess the vowel quality - whether it is back or front -
    > from the consonantal background - but this doesn't work
    > for all.
    
    > in words of arabic origin only arabic long vowels are
    > indicated. in turkish words, [vowels are indicated]
    > particularly in the first syllable or at the very end of
    > the word.

    > modern turkish has k for q and n for n~ and h for x
    > (sounds present in turkish or turkish dialects but not
    > distinguished in the present script)
    
    > the `ayn sound [used in "`aqreb" = Scorpio] never entered
    > the turkish language. when non-initial, it is pronounced
    > as a glottal stop or slight hiatus in educated speech.
    > [The name of Scorpio] is written today as "akrep", the
    > word is commonly used.
    
    > [the "'" in "felekl'eflk" is] the hamza or glottal stop,
    > it is indicated as a sign over the alif.

For whatever it is worth...

All the best,

--stolfi

----------------------------------------------------------------------

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Date: Wed, 05 Jul 2000 08:09:17 +0000
From: Rene Zandbergen <rene@voynich.nu>
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Jim Reeds wrote:

> A friend just told me that Gerhard Strasser's _Lingua Universalis_
> mentions the Uppsala MS:  "that Emperor  Ferdinand II learned Czech with the help of this
> Trithemian-style  book. 

actually, that should be Ferd. III

> this is one of the prime reasons why Ferd.  II asked Kircher around 1652
> (or 54) to analyze Trithemius, a work that  finally and ultimately resulted
> in the 1666 _Polygraphia_. The intro. to  _Poly_ should state this
> fact, too." 

I wonder if the intro does mention the name of Ferd's teacher.
Up to now, I always thought that the reference in Marci's letter
to:

> Dr. Raphael, tutor in the Bohemian language to Ferdinand III, then King
> of  Bohemia, told me ...

might have been obscure to Kircher. Now it would seem that Kircher may
have known perfectly well whom Marci was talking about. 

Regards, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul  5 05:18:37 2000
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From: Rene Zandbergen <rene@voynich.nu>
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What I like in the Turkish diagram shown by Stolfi is that
the text is a mixture of Turkish and Arabic, (which is
not obvious to an ignorant reader like myself) and that
different spelling rules apply for the words in the two
languages (e.g. wrt. vowels). 

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul  5 13:19:33 2000
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From: Jorge Stolfi <stolfi@ic.unicamp.br>
To: voynich@rand.org
Subject: A few random hits at the Swedish library search service
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A few random hits obtained through the Swedish joint library catalog
search service (Libris): 

  http://www.libris.kb.se/sok.html  (top-level search page)
  http://www.libris.kb.se/enkel.sokning.html  (simple search)

  Frfattare: Dobrzensky, Jacob Johann Weneceslas 
  Titel: Nova, et amoenior de admirando fontium genio...philosophia...Perenne
    fluere iussa auctore Iacobo I.W. Dobrzenski de Nigro Ponte... 
  Frlag/Tryckeri: Ferrariae 
  Utgivningsr: 1659.
  
  Frfattare: Hjek, Tades z Hjku 
  Titel: De cerevisia eiusque conficiendi ratione, natura, viribus,
    et facultatibus opusculum. : Authore Thaddaeo Hagecio ab Hayck. 
  Frlag/Tryckeri: Francofurdi 
  Utgivningsr: 1585.  
  
  Frfattare: Hjek, Tades z Hjku 
  Titel: Thaddaei Hagecii ab Hagek Aphorismorum metoposcopicorum
    libellus unus. : Ed.2a. 
  Frlag/Tryckeri: Francofurti 
  Utgivningsr: 1584.  
  
  Frfattare: Hajek z Hjku, Tades 
  Titel: Dialexis de novae et prius incognitae stellae inusitatae magnitudinis
    & splendidissimi luminis apparitione, &de eiusdem stellae vero loco
    constituendo ... / per Thaddaeum Hagecium ab Hayck 
  Ort/Frlag: Pragae 
  Utgivningsr: 1967 
  Serie: Editio Cimelia Bohemica ; 1 
  Anmrkning: Faks. av uppl. Frankfurt am Main, 1574 med 
    en ny efterskrift p tjeckiska, engelska, franska,
    tyska och ryska av Zdenek Horsk

  Titel: Balneologia Bohemica : Zeitschrift des Forschungsinstitutes fr Balneologie 
  Ort/Frlag: Praha : Avicenum 
  Utgivningsr: 1972- 
  Utgivare: Forschungsinstitut fr Balneologie 
  ISSN: 0302-8070 
  Publikationstyp: Tidskrift/rsbok  
  
  Frfattare: Draudius, Georgius, 1537-1635 
  Titel: Bibliotheca exotica sive Catalogus officinalis librorum peregrinis
    linguis vsualibus scriptorum, videlicet Gallica Italica, Hispanica, 
    Belgica, Anglia, Danica, Bohemica, Vngarica, &c. omnium quotquot
    in officinis bibliopolarum indagari potuerunt, et in Nundinis
    Francofurtensibus prostant, ac venales habentur : La bibliotheque
    vniversail, contenant le catalogue de tous les liures, qui ont est 
    imprimes ce siecle pass aux langues Franoise, Italienne, Espaignole, 
    & autres, qui sont auiourdhuy plus communes, depuis l'an 1500. iusques
     l'an present 1610. distribue en certain ordre selon les matieres
    y contenues, & les surnoms des autheurs 
  Frlag/Tryckeri: Frankofurt : Koppf 
  Utgivningsr: 1610 
  Omfng: 220 s. ; 4:o

  Frfattare: Comenius, Johann Amos, 1592-1670 
  Titel: Orbis sensualium pictus quadrilinguis : hoc est:
    Omnium fundamentalium, in mundo rerum, et in vita actionum, pictura
    et nomenclatura Latina, Germanica, Hungarica, et Bohemica : cum
    titulorum juxta atque vocabulorum indice : ... Leutschoviae 1685 
  Ort/Frlag: Praha 
  Utgivningsr: 1956 
  Omfng: 27, 313, 32 s. 
  Anmrkning: Faks. av: Levoca & Bratislava, 1685

I just entered various names into various slots and hit the first
button ("Sk"). I can barely guess what the labels mean (Swedish is
Indo-European, you say? Ha!), but it seemed to work, sort of.

I had no luck with Mnishovski, Missowski, Baresh, Bares, Barschius,
or Sinapius, unfortunately.  I got a Sinapius Horcicka, but
18th c. Daniel not 15th c. Jacobus.  (Although the former may have known
more about the latter than we do.) Also got some works about Marci
but nothing by him.  But perhaps I was skning met d wrng bttn...

All the best,

--stolfi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul  5 17:20:12 2000
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			<200007042159.SAA28399@neper.dcc.unicamp.br> 
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			<1000705001935.ZM14670314@fry.research.att.com> <1000705004322.ZM15422619@fry.research.att.com> <3962D917.2CF8930B@alphalink.com.au>
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I don't know about the huns, but the Crossbow was invented by
the Chinese long before it's appearance in Europe. 
Unfortunately I have no references for this, but you aren't
imagining things.

Jacques Guy wrote:
> I have a strong suspicions that
> the Huns used crossbows, and that they were a Chinese
> invention.
> But I cannot remember where I read that (or whether I am
> imagining it). Tout ca, c'est vieux comme Herode....

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul  5 18:15:01 2000
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Rene Zandbergen wrote:

> From my limited experience it seems quite rare indeed.
> I know one example, in an image I happen to have at my
> web site. There are two crossbows in:
> http://www.voynich.nu/leo.gif
> These should be interpreted as two stars belonging to
> the constellation of Sagittarius which either rise, set
> or culminate while this degree of the sign of Leo rises
> (the principle of 'paranatellonta').

This is interesting - even though rather far from 
depicting the sign of the Zodiac as a man with a crossbow.
But there seems to be some connection if the interpretation
is correct. It is, however, impossible for a star in 
Sagittarius to either rise or culminate when Leo is 
rising - at least in the plane of the ecliptic (but I must 
admit I do not know what "paranatellonta" are and thus
may be wrong).

> There is 'something odd' with many of the zodiac
> emblems, e.g. having two lobsters with a line connecting
> their mouths, for Cancer.

There is a Persian Zodiac from c. 1560 showing two scorpions
for Scorpio in quite a similar way (in Warren Kenton's
_Astrology_).

Best regards,

Rafal


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Subject: Re: Sagittarius and crossbow
References: <396212F9.6433FB06@amu.edu.pl> <200007042159.SAA28399@neper.dcc.unicamp.br> <3962AC66.6E784DFB@gte.net> <3962B03D.AA2C07BF@acm.org>
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Jim Gillogly wrote:
> 
> It seems to me one doesn't need to go to the Middle East to find
> Islam in that era -- wasn't Elizabeth Bathory's Transylvania
> under Ottoman control? 

	Based on the only source for E. Bathory I've read, namely 
Andrei Codrescu's historical novel *The Blood Countess"

http://www.codrescu.com/books/bloodcountess.html

Transylania was *not* under Ottoman control. She had her own 
fiefdom and the largest army in the area.  Bringing her
to justice was no easy matter.  

	Elizabeth Bathory, again according to my source? , had several 
alchemists at her castle and was interested in the sciences of the day.
The novel describes a lengthy visit and discussions with Johannes
Kepler; 
indeed she had a childhood adventure with him, best left to her
imagination.  

	Of course, it is just a novel.  
Codrescu does give primary sources, including documents in the Hungarian 
National Archives (correct name?).   I need to look at it again.

Dennis

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul  5 23:35:51 2000
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Date: Wed, 05 Jul 2000 22:33:22 -0500
From: Dennis <ixohoxi@micro-net.com>
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"Rafal T. Prinke" wrote:
> 
> As it seems to be so rare, finding a similar image
> might perhaps restrict the dating and/or area
> where VMS was created.

	Yes! I've seen several items which could help us
to nail down the area where the VMs author(s) might have 
been, to wit: 

	- Sagittarius and crossbow;
	- Rene notes that the Ms with the nymph-like diagram in 
	   Vat.Gr. 1291 was owned in the 15th Century 
	   by two bishops of Brescia;
	- Toresella notes Ms's of "alchemical herbals" 
           in Bergamo, Bologna, Firenze (Florence),
	   Genova (Genoa), Lucca, Napoli (Naples), 
           Padova, Roma, and Venezia (Venice). It's mostly northern
	   Italy, at the time of the Renaissance, which
	   helps some.  
	- The exact date when the humanist hand was first used in this 
           area.
	- Details on when and where the hairdoes like those of 
          VMs nymphs were in fashion.  

	A lot of these are weak and I'd like to see
further examples.  However, I think that the info we have
pretty well gives the date as the 15th century.

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	Both Singh and Kahn note that Louis XIV's Royal Cipher 
(probably more correctly nomenclator) enciphers *syllables*, 
rather than single letters (phonemes, etc.).  

	I was really glad to see this, because it fits 
perfectly with my theory of the VMs: that the underlying
language is medieval French and it enciphers syllables
rather than phonemes.  This due to 
the fact medieval and modern French in their spoken form do
not have clear word breaks.  Also, if I am not mistaken, it
was the language of communication of the European
nobility by the late XV century.  

	Can anybody point me to a copy of the Royal Cipher?

Dennis

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Hey Jim,

If it's not too much trouble and if I'm still welcome, can you get me =
back on the Voynich mailing list?  I've got a few things that might =
liven conversation a bit.  Thanks.

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<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>Hey Jim,</FONT></DIV>
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From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 00:33:25 2000
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Date: Wed, 05 Jul 2000 23:30:53 -0500
From: Dennis <ixohoxi@micro-net.com>
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Brian Eric Farnell wrote:
> 
> As I mentioned in my posts a week or so ago on agraphia, there
> are also many language problems resulting from strokes, senility
> or brain injury that can cause very peculiar effects in spoken
> or written language.  It's too bad we can't assume the
> illustrations and the handwriting are the result of the original
> author, otherwise we could examine them for evidence.  Still,
> the shape of the letters might give some clues, particularly the
> gallows (as a set) to inclue the really odd-ball ones.  Those
> might be worth showing to a psychologist and/or a Speech
> pathologist, the curls and such might be indicative of
> schiziphrenia or brain injury, especially some of the odd
> gallows where it looks like the writer got lost or carried away
> in the act of making the curls.

	I looked in *Linguistics for Non-Linguists* by Frank
Parker.  He has a chapter on neurolinguistics.  The closest 
thing to what we want is Wernicke's aphasia, caused by damage 
to the first temporal convolution of the dominant 
hemisphere (usually the left), close to the primary 
auditory cortex.  Basically this symdrome primarily
affects language comprehension.  However, there are 
surprising influence on the sufferer's language 
expression, due at least part to the fact that 
the sufferer cannot monitor his output.  Speech is
fluent but full of neologisms.  

	There are neologisms such as bliver, glover, 
devable, bowling birt or showling birt (bowling shirt).

Q: What is your speech problem?
A: Because no one gotta scotta gowan thwa, thirst, gell,
gerst, derund, gystrol, that's all.

	I took Dr. Parker's Intro to Linguistics; he said 
that Wernicke's aphasia is very serious and would be confined
to an institution.  Thus I doubt that this has anything to 
do with the VMs.

	The repetitions are reminiscent of schizophrenics's
language but schizophrenics AFAIK do not produce neologims.  

	For a sample of schizophrenic speech:

Rants by Francis Dec
http://www.teleport.com/~dkossy/dec.html

	James Hampton is a possible case of someone with a
psychiatric problem creating a new alphabet or cipher.  
(Although I don't know whether Hampton was in fact a 
psych case.)

http://160.111.100.112/webpac-bin/wgbroker?070600243409608267+1+scan+select+2+0

I got the Smithsonian's microfilm that shows Hampton's notebook and
copied it.
He has an alphabet, but I've never before seen one like it.  One unit is
like |||| 
and another one is OOO and yet another is RR (like a script R but
embellished.  
I haven't done much more with it.  

Dennis

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 00:41:36 2000
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Date: Wed, 05 Jul 2000 23:39:09 -0500
From: Dennis <ixohoxi@micro-net.com>
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	I forgot that I had two pages of James Hampton's stuff
on my website:

A Page of Hamptonese:
http://www2.micro-net.com/~ixohoxi/hampton/hpt3.gif

And a Page Containing both English and Hamptonese:
http://www2.micro-net.com/~ixohoxi/hampton/hptp27.gif

	Hampton's English letters look pretty tense 
and difficult to me but his Hamptonese characters are 
very fluent.  

Dennis

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 00:48:59 2000
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Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2000 00:48:31 -0400 (EDT)
From: Eric Daniel Rosenberg <e-rosenberg@sjca.edu>
Cc: VOYNICH-L <voynich@rand.org>
Subject: Crossbows
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Crossbow was invented in China first but not really in the form we are
familiar with it. Anyway a good book is called the Book of te Crossbow by
Ralph Payne-Gallwey
Dover publishes a copy of it.
ISBN 0486287203

The book says teh crossbow appeared in its earliest european form in the
Western Roman Empire in the 4th century. KIt has a lot of woodcuts of
crossbows from period sources. If someone forwards me a JPEG Of some of
the crossbows in the VMS I will attempt to date them according to this
book.




But who watches the watchmen? -Juvenal


From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 01:56:48 2000
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Welcome to the new members I've just added to the list, and to
the others that I've been adding more regularly since the last
administrivia message.  This would be a good time for people to
summarize what they're working on and to give a web page (if
any) for further reading.  I'll suggest Jim Reeds' page as a
starter -- it has links to most of the others.  It's at:
http://www.research.att.com/~reeds/voynich.html .  Jim has a
good archive of the list's messages, but don't expect it to be
updated in real time.

A few notes for the newbies and reminders for the dinos:

- In keeping with the medieval nature of the Manuscript, this list
  run on software constructed with stone knives and bearskins.  In
  particular, it is not a majordomo list.

- Never send administrative messages to voynich@rand.org -- they
  should all go to jim@acm.org .  They will be acted on in due
  course, which could be within the hour or within the month,
  depending on my workload and scuba diving.

- Messages for the entire group go to voynich@rand.org.

- If you haven't gotten Voynich mail for a month, or if it drops
  off abruptly in the middle of a heated exchange, let me know.
  When email addresses bounce for several days I remove them from
  the list without ceremony.  Hotmail, Yahoo and AOL addresses are
  all welcome, but may get a little less slack than more permanent
  addresses when bouncing starts.

- Turn off HTML and don't send attachments to the list.
  Plain text only, please.  URLs are welcome for data sharing.
  Eschew obnoxiously long signatures and meaningless legal
  disclaimers.

Unlikely as it may seem after almost 90 years of the modern
age of Voynich analysis, I have the impression that we're actually
beginning to make progress, in terms of observations of more
observed structure and improved access.

We currently have 122 members.

Welcome to the list!
-- 
	Jim Gillogly
	Highday, 13 Afterlithe S.R. 2000, 05:39
	12.19.7.6.7, 1 Manik 10 Tzec, First Lord of Night

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 04:07:38 2000
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Dennis wrote:
> 
>         I looked in *Linguistics for Non-Linguists* by Frank
> Parker.  He has a chapter on neurolinguistics.  The closest
> thing to what we want is Wernicke's aphasia, caused by damage
> to the first temporal convolution of the dominant
> hemisphere (usually the left), close to the primary
> auditory cortex.  Basically this symdrome primarily
> affects language comprehension.  However, there are
> surprising influence on the sufferer's language
> expression, due at least part to the fact that
> the sufferer cannot monitor his output.  Speech is
> fluent but full of neologisms.

Actually since Aphasias are caused by the brain damage from a
stroke, the types of Aphasias are merely gross categories,
similar to saying someone has an arm injury vs a leg injury. 
Every patient can be different.  I've seen video taped
interviews with patients whose speech was utterly outlandish,
yet could write with no problem.  The reverse is also a
possibility.  Such a person might not be terribly
distinguishable from a normal person, except maybe a difficulty
in movement on one side of the body.  

> 
>         There are neologisms such as bliver, glover,
> devable, bowling birt or showling birt (bowling shirt).
> 
> Q: What is your speech problem?
> A: Because no one gotta scotta gowan thwa, thirst, gell,
> gerst, derund, gystrol, that's all.

The second is a pretty good example, it's totally
incomprehensible, yet you can see that the neologisms still
follow to normal phonotactic rules to some extent.  There is
also a symptom known as 'perseverance' that involves the
frequent repetitions of endings on words or of words themselves.

I'm not dead set on this Aphasia hypothesis, in fact I think it
very unlikely, but I was just offering it out for what it's
worth.  Such a person could produce a meaningless text that
still seemed to follow allot of the rules for natural language. 
It's a possibilty worth looking at just for the sake of ruling
it out.  The piece of information that rules out something might
also be the piece that points in the right direction.  I'm
curious about looking at a model where Voynich A and Voynich B,
both the languages and the handwritings, were produced by one
person with brain damage or Schizophrenia.  I wonder what reason
might pop up to prove that this is not the case.
Regards,
Brian

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 04:09:40 2000
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From: Brian Eric Farnell <bfarnell@gte.net>
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Twins have been known to create their own languages that only
they understand.  This isn't common, but it's not isolated
either.  I don't think this is a likely candidate, but research
on it is done in an effort to learn things about language
acquisition and development.  If I can get my hands on some
papers and language samples, is anyone interested?  It might be
interesting to see the statistical differences in a synthetic
language and the native tongue of the creators.
Regards,
Brian

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 05:34:17 2000
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From: "Gabriel Landini" <G.Landini@bham.ac.uk>
Organization: The University of Birmingham, UK.
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On 5 Jul 2000, at 22:47, Dennis wrote:

>  Both Singh and Kahn note that Louis XIV's Royal Cipher 
> (probably more correctly nomenclator) enciphers *syllables*, 
> rather than single letters (phonemes, etc.).  

>  I was really glad to see this, because it fits 
> perfectly with my theory of the VMs: that the underlying
> language is medieval French and it enciphers syllables
> rather than phonemes. 

Wouldn't enciphering syllables require a very large number of 
symbols?
About 98 % of the vms can be encoded with eva  'a-z

It would make words much shorter and keep Zipf's law unchanged, 
though.

Of course, one does not need to encode *all* syllables...

Gabriel

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 06:04:43 2000
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From: Brian Eric Farnell <bfarnell@gte.net>
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I'm still a big fan of the idea of characters encoding person
and/or case and thus getting rid of endings and/or articles and
possibly pronouns.  I used to think about that as a good idea
for a written language when I was studying Russian.  Not only is
it compact, but it makes it far easier to write in a language
that you are not entirely adept at.  I've often thought about
the differences in Voynich A and Voynich B being a difference in
skill level of the writers.  I'm sure Jaques Guy (for one) could
support me in the following statements from his Chinese
studies.  A beginning student will use the word 'shi' (to be)
far more than an advanced student, while an advanced student
will use words like 'jiu' (less than expected) and 'cai' (more
than expected) whereas a beginning student will avoid those like
the plague if it even occurs to him to use them. I've heard
things like that referred to as 'flavor words' when I studied
German and they tried to teach me to use 'da'.  Also, things
like the 'soft sign' in Russian might be almost totally absent
in a student of the language that can't hear the effect it has
on a phoneme (like me).  I've seen it suggested that Voynich B
might be further refinement of the cipher, perhaps it's a
further refinement of the languge ability.  If you did a word
analyses of my Chinese when I went to Beijing vs. when I left it
might seem like two different (but related) languages on the
mathematical level.  Even in one's native tongue we see big
differences as we become more eloquent through education.  Has
anyone done any comparative analyses of the same language as
spoken by different levels of speakers?  I noticed one of the
mathematical analyses pointed out an anomaly in the works of
Lewis Carroll.  It was suggested that it was because it was
aimed at children, was there any follow up to that?
Regards,
Brian

Gabriel Landini wrote:
> 
> On 5 Jul 2000, at 22:47, Dennis wrote:
> 
> >  Both Singh and Kahn note that Louis XIV's Royal Cipher
> > (probably more correctly nomenclator) enciphers *syllables*,
> > rather than single letters (phonemes, etc.).
> 
> >  I was really glad to see this, because it fits
> > perfectly with my theory of the VMs: that the underlying
> > language is medieval French and it enciphers syllables
> > rather than phonemes.
> 
> Wouldn't enciphering syllables require a very large number of
> symbols?
> About 98 % of the vms can be encoded with eva  'a-z
> 
> It would make words much shorter and keep Zipf's law unchanged,
> though.
> 
> Of course, one does not need to encode *all* syllables...
> 
> Gabriel

From reeds Thu Jul  6 07:57:17 2000
From: reeds@fry.research.att.com (Jim Reeds)
Message-Id: <1000706075717.ZM15643856@fry.research.att.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2000 07:57:16 -0400
In-Reply-To: Dennis <ixohoxi@micro-net.com>
        "The Royal Cipher" (Jul  5, 22:47)
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On Jul 5, 22:47, Dennis wrote:

> Subject: The Royal Cipher
> 	Both Singh and Kahn note that Louis XIV's Royal Cipher 
> (probably more correctly nomenclator) enciphers *syllables*, 
> rather than single letters (phonemes, etc.).  
> 
...> 
> 	Can anybody point me to a copy of the Royal Cipher?

I've never seen one.  Look at Kahn's reference list.  Etienne
Bazeries is the name that springs to mind as the person who
wrote some papers about it in the 1880s or so.  Seen one
nomenclator, seen them all, is what I say.


-- 
Jim Reeds, AT&T Labs - Research
Shannon Laboratory, Room C229, Building 103
180 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, USA

reeds@research.att.com, phone: +1 973 360 8414, fax: +1 973 360 8178

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 07:58:10 2000
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Reply-To: "John Grove" <John@morewood.net>
From: "John Grove" <4groves@sprint.ca>
To: "Voynich List" <voynich@rand.org>
Subject: Welcome Newbies
Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2000 07:59:50 -0400
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Good Morning from Canada,

I'd like to welcome all the new folk and some older ones back. My present
bias -er thought on the VMS is a Middle-East language (or two) with most
vowels missing from the text. The lack of double letter combinations in most
of the text, the titles following the paragraphs, and maybe even the Turkish
baths... Admittedly, most folk don't call the centered text on some pages
'titles' as I refer to them.

If you're new to mailing list discussions in general, don't expect a
response from the list every time you send an idea out. Often, the idea is
noted - agreed to, readers are waiting for more comments/discussions on the
subject, or deemed out of the readers area of interest or expertise. Also,
don't take anything as a personal affront (I have been known to fall victim
to this myself). The list members are all enthusiasts and will pose
criticism or support for varying ideas. However, if you dare to claim you've
solved the problem - I can only say that most of us will look very close at
your claim and ask some more than usually agressive questions. We do want to
see a solution - but we want it to be able to stand up to criticism.

John Grove

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 16:27:03 2000
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Date: Thu, 06 Jul 2000 22:30:34 +0200
From: Zandbergen@t-online.de (Rene Zandbergen)
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I wrote:

> > [...] There are two crossbows in:
> > http://www.voynich.nu/leo.gif
> > These should be interpreted as two stars belonging to
> > the constellation of Sagittarius which either rise, set
> > or culminate while this degree of the sign of Leo rises
> > (the principle of 'paranatellonta').

And Rafal:

> [...] It is, however, impossible for a star in
> Sagittarius to either rise or culminate when Leo is
> rising - at least in the plane of the ecliptic (but I must
> admit I do not know what "paranatellonta" are and thus
> may be wrong).

You are right about this. The paranatellonta are 'phenomena'
(events) that occur while a specific degree of the ecliptic
rises over the horizon. Typically, this would be another star
rising, but it may also be the culmination of a star, the setting
of a star or even (more rarely) the 'Immum Caelum', i.e. the
invisible event that a certain star is farthest below the horizon
(and North of the observer). In an old Persian text (9th or 10th C),
Abu Mashar (Albumasar) gives these phenomena for all 360 degrees. There
have been many accidents in the translation of that through the ages,
so, if the two crossbows do not refer to Immum Caelum events
of stars in Sagittarius (which would be unlikely) they may refer
to obscure mini-constellations no longer used, or be the result
of a translation error.

I have one complete list, in an Italian book which was translated
from French, and I don't know which original source it derives from.
In this I could find back many of the little drawings in the Leo
picture but, alas, not the crossbows. 
 
> There is a Persian Zodiac from c. 1560 showing two scorpions
> for Scorpio in quite a similar way (in Warren Kenton's
> _Astrology_).

Interesting!

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 16:34:10 2000
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Date: Thu, 06 Jul 2000 22:38:14 +0200
From: Zandbergen@t-online.de (Rene Zandbergen)
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Dennis wrote:

>         - Rene notes that the Ms with the nymph-like diagram in
>            Vat.Gr. 1291 was owned in the 15th Century
>            by two bishops of Brescia;

What I still need to find out is whether this illustration
is part of a tradition or stands alone. It is very tempting to
think that it (or another similar one if it exists)
may have inspired the VMs illustrator. Of course,
the MS dates from the 10th C so even in case the VMs writer saw
it, it doesn't really help in narrowing down its date of writing.
Certainly, Vat.Gr. 1291 seems to have been at the right place
at the right time....

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 16:52:32 2000
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From: "Gabriel Landini" <G.Landini@bham.ac.uk>
Organization: The University of Birmingham, U.K.
To: voynich@rand.org
Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2000 21:52:50 +0100
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John Grove mentioned that the lack of double letters suggested 
him a "vowel-less" language.

Spanish does not have many "double" characters and one of them 
behaves very "voynich-like": the strong "r" sound.
When words start with "r" Iike Rio, the sound is strong, but in the 
middle of a word, the same sound is written "rr" like in "carro" (cart).
That leaves no words starting with the same sound as an internal 
"r".  No word ends in "rr" (or at least I don't remember any).
The other common one is double "l" like in lluvia (rain), but it can 
happen anywhere but no word ends in "ll" either.

Actually some dictionaries consider Ll as another letter after L.

Cheers,

Gabriel


From jim@mail.rand.org  Thu Jul  6 19:14:54 2000
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Date: Thu, 06 Jul 2000 18:11:51 -0500
From: Dennis <ixohoxi@micro-net.com>
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Brian Eric Farnell wrote:
> 
> Twins have been known to create their own languages that only
> they understand.  This isn't common, but it's not isolated
> either.  I don't think this is a likely candidate, but research
> on it is done in an effort to learn things about language
> acquisition and development.  If I can get my hands on some
> papers and language samples, is anyone interested?  It might be
> interesting to see the statistical differences in a synthetic
> language and the native tongue of the creators.

	Here's an article that you and others might find 
interesting, "A Linguistic Big Bang" NY Times, Cot 24,
1999.  In Nicaragua, very young children of 5 and up
were sent to live at a school for the deaf to learn
Spanish Sign.  However, the teaching was very poor. 
Because of this, the children spontaneously developed
Nicaraguan Sign Language, not related to Spanish or any
other.  At the time of writing, the children had
developed about 1600 words, and the staff was
transcribing the language with  a Danish symbolic
system.

Dennis

From jim@mail.rand.org  Fri Jul  7 00:15:23 2000
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From: Dennis <ixohoxi@micro-net.com>
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	Welcome to one of the greatest puzzles of all time! 
We're about the fourth generation trying to solve it. 
I think we'll succeed this time, because of modern
computers, because this time it's a team effort, and
because our membership circles the physical planet and
possesses many fields of human knowledge.  (I myself a
chemical engineer.)

	At my web site I have links to, AFAIK, all the images
of the VMs on the Web. 	
http://www2.micro-net.com/~ixohoxi/voy/voynich.htm

 	Go to Jorge Stolfi's Voynich page for links to
everyone who's involved:
http://www.dcc.unicamp.br/~stolfi/voynich/

	My pet idea for the Voynich?

1) The underlying language is medieval French.

2) The word breaks in the text are actually syllable
breaks.  

3) Voynichese syllables (or words) clearly follow some
pattern, are generated from a paradigm.  A given French
syllable is enciphered into Voynichese by one of these
paradigms in reverse.  

	Our list is easily one of the most tolerant in
cyberspace.  Flaming is very rare indeed, and only
happens to someone is absolutely sure of his/her ideas
and spends months trying obnoxiously to cram it down
everyone's throat.

From jim@mail.rand.org  Fri Jul  7 08:25:35 2000
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From: "Gabriel Landini" <G.Landini@bham.ac.uk>
Organization: The University of Birmingham, UK.
To: Jorge Stolfi <stolfi@ic.unicamp.br>, voynich@rand.org
Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2000 13:22:18 +0100
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Subject: Re: About Turkish
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On 2 Jul 2000, at 16:17, Jorge Stolfi wrote:
> The letter "e" is a problem for word paradigms. It pretty much seems
> to be a modifier for other letters. The big question is whether it is
> a letter prefix, postfix, both, or neither.

> There is one good argument for "e" as a letter prefix: the cosmo
> diagram on f69r apparently shows the word "dolsedy" split as
> d-o-l-s-ed-y. 

This sounds to me related what Denis Mardle saw in the folio 57v 
sequence:

<f57v.C4> o.v.l.r.m.aiin.d.&170;.c.f.s.y.l.k.x.l.r.&171;.
a.r.o.r.y.t.l.s.d,ar.teodar.otodal.sheky.oteeody.x.s.l  

where <aiin> is floating between all the other single characters in 
the sequence.

such verbose/redundant groupings was what I had in mind when 
talking about the dain-daiin coding.

Cheers,

Gabriel

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sat Jul  8 01:47:18 2000
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Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2000 22:45:47 -0700 (PDT)
From: Corey Snow <cyclometh@yahoo.com>
Subject: Newbie greetings
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Hello all. My name is Corey Snow and I'm a recent
inductee to the Voynich MS mystery. I haven't even
finished D'Imperio's book yet, but I'm working on it.
;-)

I haven't formed any real opinions (yet) about the
manuscript's content or underlying source language.
I'll let you know when I do. :-)

My first project, actually, is something which I
wanted to ask you folks about first, as a means of
gauging its usefulness. I'm not a linguist, a
cryptographer, or any of the other disciplines one
would think would be necessary for this kind of thing.
However, I am a computer programmer and database
designer.

My thought is to write a program to parse the Voynich
MS in all of the major transliterated character sets
and place into a database every character combination
(including spaces) that the script has, from 2
characters up to about 10 or 15. My back-of-the
envelope calculation seems to indicate that there
would be about 3 to 5 hundred thousand combinations
per character set, a trivial task to store in a good
database.

Made searchable, a system like this would allow for
determination of things such as character frequency,
but also allow one to definitively determine if a
particular character occurs only paired with another,
thus leading to the assumption that they are probably
actually one character. It could give frequency
distribution for any combination of characters in the
system, from 2 to the maximum length read by the
parser. I have considered a number of uses for such a
database, and I'm sure you all can come up with more,
assuming that I'm correct in thinking that this would
be useful at all.

Comments, questions, flames? ;-)

Best regards,

Corey Snow
cyclometh@yahoo.com

__________________________________________________
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From jim@mail.rand.org  Sat Jul  8 07:48:41 2000
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From: "Gabriel Landini" <G.Landini@bham.ac.uk>
Organization: The University of Birmingham, U.K.
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I said: 


<color><param>7F00,0000,0000</param>> Spanish does not have many "double" =
characters [...] 


</color>There is another letter behaves in a funny way. 

It is "cc" like in "acci=F3n" the fist one sounds like "k" and the  
second one like "s" or a mixture of "s" and "z" depending on where 
you live.  


Double vowels are rare. I know of words with double "o" (like  
zool=F3gico) or double "e" (leer, to read), but as I said they are quite  
rare.   


<color><param>0000,0000,0000</param>Cheers, 

Gabriel 





From jim@mail.rand.org  Sat Jul  8 15:21:35 2000
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Date: Sat, 08 Jul 2000 22:16:46 +0200
To: voynich@rand.org
From: Dr Antonini <antonini@icon.co.za>
Subject: Structure of VMs analyzed with LSI
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Dear All,

A short while ago I started reading about a technique called LSI or LSA
(Latent Semantic Indexing or Analysis). Basically, the technique is used to
look for 'large' texts given 'short' texts. 'Large' texts can be long
documents or summaries, 'short' texts, in the form of queries, are words or
even summaries. The technique looks to match the query (the short text)
with the documents that are in a database (the large texts). I think that
there is potential for this technique to be used to test words or
combinations of words with parts of the VMs and try to find its 'latent'
structure.

The technique is used as a successful alternative to keyword matching in
database searches and has been developed only in the last 10 years, because
of the large computing requirements when used for large databases. This
technique goes one step beyond simple keyword matching, traditional
statistics such as those found in TACT (frequency counts or node
collocations) or even graphical semantic networks (which are restricted to
short documents). Historically, in LSI, the mathematics was developed first
and the applications later. For this reason, there is lots of scope on how
to apply LSI to new problems.


SUMMARY OF SUMMARIES
To start working with LSA, the usual procedure is to create first a
database of documents, and list all the words used in the documents (likely
suppressing common words such as 'a', 'the', 'we', ...). These creates a
large matrix which might be as big as 60,000 words x 1,000,000 documents,
or as small as 5,000 words x 10,000 documents. This procedure displays the
words/docs matrix in a 2D space, traditionally with the words as rows and
the docs as columns. For example, a database on computers might be
displayed as follows:

               doc1    doc2    doc3  ...  docn
screen                   2
laptop          1                2
memory                   3                  2
CPU             1        1
information                      4
retrieval                        2
cable                            1          1
16 bits         2    

where each entry in the matrix is the number of times that a word is found
in the specific document. In this way, each term and document can be
represented by a vector. (There are other frequency weighting methods that
can also be applied to scale to unity each column vector.) The assumption
is that there is some underlying or 'latent' structure in the pattern of
words usage across documents. The analysis is done with SVD (singular value
decomposition), which good mathematical programs (such as Matlab) can
calculate. 

>From [1]:
"One can interpret the analysis performed by SVD 
geometrically. The result of the SVD is a k-dimensional
vector space containing a vector for each term and each
document. The location of term vectors reflects the 
correlations in their usage across documents. Similarly,
the location of document vectors reflects correlations
in term usage. In this space the cosine or dot product
between vectors correspond to their estimated similarity.
Retrieval [of queries] proceeds by using the terms in a
query to identify a vector in the space, and all documents
are then ranked by their similarity to the query vector."

Papers describing the applications of LSA usually indicate that the method
has been successful in applications where 'structure' is important and
that, even when words are missing from queries, the correct documents can
be extracted because of proximity. The language used is irrelevant.


APPLICATION TO VMs
LSA works by creating a matrix of words/texts, but, as far as we know, we
only have ONE text: there is only one manuscript with the VMs script (with
a total of 26536 words in 234 pages), therefore, the best we can do is to
test if different parts of the same Ms are congruent with each other. We
could use each section (herbal, astronomical, cosmological, astrological,
biological, pharmaceutical, text with marginal stars and text only) as a
separate document, or perhaps each page as a separate document, to simulate
that there are different texts and be able to create the LSA matrix. Then,
each section can be used as a query and can be tested against each other
page (or paragraph or section or whatever unit the Ms is divided into). It
might then be possible to check if any structure can be identified, for
example, to  verify if the order of the pages is correct or there is
another equivalent to hands A and B.

Another study that can be done is to use the short labels and short phrases
that are in some parts of the text (such as labels for plants and stars) as
queries, and see how close (in a cosine distance fashion) the labels are to
the rest of the pages and sections.

As recently suggested (by Corey Snow), alternative alphabets can be created
and tested automatically. LSI would allow to check for those combinations
that create, say, the least number of clusters or some other measure of
consistency among the texts.


PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN UNIX
The work is divided in two parts: creation of the words/docs matrix and SVD
analysis. There are programs that allow to do the work, but only in Unix.
The programs have to be requested to Michael W. Berry at the University of
Tennessee (I have the complete details).


Yours,

Claudio



[1] Foltz, Peter et al, "Personalized Information Delivery: An Analysis of
Information Filtering Methods",
http://www-psych.nmsu.edu/~pfoltz/cacm/cacm.html or Comm. ACM, 35 (12),
51-60, 1992. Various other papers in the site.

[The singular values of a matrix A are the square root of the eigenvalues
of A'*A, where A' is the hermitian of A. The technique is closely related
to eigenvector decomposition, factor analysis and modal analysis.]


From jim@mail.rand.org  Sat Jul  8 16:42:06 2000
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Date: Sat, 08 Jul 2000 22:40:56 +0200
From: "Rafal T. Prinke" <rafalp@amu.edu.pl>
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I have added some more info to my Web site. There is a report
from my initial survey of published catalogues of manuscripts
in Prague libraries.

Most interesting is one MS signed by "Jakub z Tepence" 
on folio 1v - which has finally convinced me the erased
signature on the same folio of VMS was genuine
(I was uncertain of it before).

There is also included a sample of Raphael Mnisovsky's
handwriting (from a reference supplied by Jim Reeds).

I have also made a simple chart showing the VMS ownership
chronology for reference. All that and more at:

    http://hum.amu.edu.pl/~rafalp/HERM/VMS/vms.htm

Best regards,

Rafal

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sat Jul  8 18:18:16 2000
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Date: Sat, 8 Jul 2000 18:16:13 -0400 (EDT)
From: Eric Daniel Rosenberg <e-rosenberg@sjca.edu>
Cc: VMS <voynich@rand.org>
Subject: Another Newbie Hi.
In-Reply-To: <396791D8.2E20B979@amu.edu.pl>
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I learned about the Voynich from an article in Lingua Franca months ago. I
have a quite elegant solution to it but unfortunately this buffer is not
large enough to write it down. :) I am primarily a student of philosophy,
but I also am studying the History of Science and Math as well. I know
Greek and French well enough to translate given time. I know English darn
well. :) I have recently become interested in secret writing and
cryptology. After all, who knows, maybe something worthy of being secret
is more interesting than things that aren't secreT? (We can dream can't
we?) I do some programming in C for a government laboratory and am
learning Python. 

But who watches the watchmen? -Juvenal


From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul  9 07:32:41 2000
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From: "Gabriel Landini" <G.Landini@bham.ac.uk>
Organization: The University of Birmingham, U.K.
To: "Rafal T. Prinke" <rafalp@amu.edu.pl>
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On 8 Jul 2000, at 22:40, Rafal T. Prinke wrote:
> Most interesting is one MS signed by "Jakub z Tepence" 
> on folio 1v - which has finally convinced me the erased
> signature on the same folio of VMS was genuine
> (I was uncertain of it before).

> There is also included a sample of Raphael Mnisovsky's
> handwriting (from a reference supplied by Jim Reeds).

Can you get any images of these ms??
Some time ago I played a bit with folio 1r trying to find the 
signature.
Here are the results:
http://web.bham.ac.uk/G.Landini/evmt/sign.htm

There seems to be something in there. Whether those are part of 
the signature, I do not know.
Regards,

Gabriel

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul  9 10:04:41 2000
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Gabriel Landini wrote:

> On 8 Jul 2000, at 22:40, Rafal T. Prinke wrote:
> > Most interesting is one MS signed by "Jakub z Tepence"
> > on folio 1v - which has finally convinced me the erased
> > signature on the same folio of VMS was genuine
> > (I was uncertain of it before).

Sorry - it is on 1r (my mistake - thanks to Rene for spotting it).

> > There is also included a sample of Raphael Mnisovsky's
> > handwriting (from a reference supplied by Jim Reeds).
> 
> Can you get any images of these ms??

Two pages from Mnisovsky are already there. It should be
possible to obtain a microfilm copy of Jacobus's signature
from Prague (as the rest of that MS is of little interest to us).
As there is a minimum number of pages per order, it 
would be good to have more items to copy at once.

Best regards,

Rafal

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul  9 12:09:51 2000
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From: "Gabriel Landini" <G.Landini@bham.ac.uk>
Organization: The University of Birmingham, U.K.
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Subject: Re: another Horcicky's MS
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Rafal,


In your page you mentioned: 

<color><param>7F00,0000,0000</param>> It seems more probable that Rudolf I=
I (if he indeed owned VMS at

> all) gave VMS to Pontanus - the pastor of all Prague and known

> collector of manuscripts - than to the much less important

> Sinapius. As the latter had at least one MS from Pontanus's

> library, they were certainly in contact and probably discussed

> topics of scientific nature. It is thus possible that Pontanus

> gave VMS to Sinapius. The chronology further supports this

> hypothesis: Pontanus died in 1616 while Sinapius in 1622, so he

> may have owned VMS during that time (or part of it, or may have

> received it from Pontanus between 1608 and 1616). 

  

</color>If the ms was inherited by Jacobus, one could narrow it down to 
between 1616 and 1618  because he left the country in 1618 and 
(we can suppose that) the ms. remained in Prague. 



<color><param>7F00,0000,0000</param>> Thus it is still unknown how VMS pas=
sed from Horcick=FD to Baresch.

> Interestingly, there are also no manuscripts identified as owned

> by Marci, who inherited Baresch's library which may have included

> the whole of Sinapius's library. 


<color><param>0000,0000,0000</param>Well, one can only speculate here. Per=
haps just before leaving 
Prague in 1618,  or if Jacobus left in a hurry, Baresch may have 
been left "in charge" of the  belongings? 

Perhaps Marci did not "sign" any of the ms. he received (as he did 
not sign the vms).


Something that bothers me is whether the Jacobus signature has 
been erased  with time or was it a deliberate "erasure"?

Is there any way of knowing? In the Kircher correspondence site 
one can see that the degree of natural persistence of the inks 
varies considerably between different letters.


Another one, how did Missowsky knew about the vms. When was 
he in the  court? He was born in 1580... so I presume that if he was 
at Rudolf's court, he  must have been very young (is it 20 yrs old 
too young to be at the court?). That  would leave 12 years (until 
Rudolf's abdication) to have come across the vms. 

But of course, perhaps many people knew about the ms. and he 
got the  information from somebody else.


Cheers, 

Gabriel 




From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul  9 16:05:50 2000
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From: Jorge Stolfi <stolfi@ic.unicamp.br>
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Subject: Re: another Horcicky's MS
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    > [Rafal:] Most interesting is one MS signed by "Jakub z Tepence"
    > on folio [1r] - which has finally convinced me the erased
    > signature on the same folio of VMS was genuine (I was uncertain
    > of it before).

This is a big find!

Have you seen both signatures? Are they in the same handwriting?
Do they spell the name in the same way?

Can we confirm whether the handwriting is Jacobus's own, or
someone else's?

Of course, the last question is not as important as the previous ones.
Even if the name was written by the Clementinum's librarian (or
whomever else inherited Jacobus's books), as long as the handwriting
is the same then it is almost certain that Jacobus owned the book
before Baresch.

(If the handwriting is the same but not Jacobus's, the "almost"
applies because the person who wrote the name on both MSs may have
been mistaken.)

(And, whether the handwriting is Jacobus's or not, there is still a
small chance that the signature was forged by Voynich, in order to
back up Raphael's assertion and neutralize Marci's skeptical
disclaimer.

Note that Jacobus's signature is still the only concrete evidence
connecting the VMS with Rudolph's court, and therefore with Dee and
Bacon. Without it, Raphael's assertion can be easily dismissed ---
Marci's letter does not even tell whether Raphael ever saw Rudolph's
"Bacon" MS. Perhaps RM only heard of it and *presumed* it was the VMS.

So, even if V. believed in the Bacon theory himself (or precisely
*because* he believed it), he may have felt the need to "enhance" the
evidence in order to convince the skeptics.

It doesn't seem impossible that Voynich could have obtained a sample
of Jacobus's "signature" from some other manuscript, perhaps even the
same one that you mention, and copied it on the VMS.

According to the "prosecution", V. played it safe by erasing the fake
signature until the name was barely readable on the UV photos; and
then carefully removed all remaining traces of ink from the VMS,
by rubbing the bottom of the page with chemicals.

Voynich presumably picked Jacobus because he was the person who best
fit the role: an alchemist/doctor who was known to be in R's court at
the right epoch, and was close enough to the emperor to have have
"inherited" such a precious book---but at the same time was
sufficiently obscure that no one would know what happened to his
books. Someone whose signature Voynich had the means to forge, with little
risk of it being disowned by experts---an obvious risk if he had
picked, say, Dee, Hajek, or Rudolf himself. (Besides, there was always
the risk of someone coming up with hard proof that the book had never
been in Dee's hands. In that case, a "signature" by Dee could only
be explained as forgery. Ditto for Rudolf, and possibly also for
famous courtiers with an extensive "paper trail", like Hajek or
Sendivogius. That risk would have been much smaller for the relatively
obscure Jacobus's.)

OK, this is getting close to paranoia... but forgeries and "evidence
enhancements" *do* happen, and some of them are even more devious than
the above theory.  And V's story about applying chemicals to f1r in order
to bring out hidden writing (at the cost of erasing the last bits of
that precious signature) is a bit difficult to believe...

Rene, do you recall when it was that V. identified the signature as
Jacobus's --- was it before or after he picked Dee as the likely
"bearer"? And is it known who applied the chemicals to f1r, and when?

All the best,

--stolfi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul  9 16:38:29 2000
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Date: Sun, 09 Jul 2000 20:37:26 +0000
From: Rene Zandbergen <rene@voynich.nu>
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Dear all,

Like Gabriel I'd like to respond to something not sent to the list but
written
in Rafal's web page (which he brought to our attention via the list).

The person Pontanus was unknown to me and as far as I know not
previously
brought in connection with the VMs. I acknowledge the possibility that
he
owned the VMs between Rudolf and Jacobus, but I am not yet convinced
that it
is  more likely. After all, Jacobus did have an excellent direct
relationship
with Rudolf. Now what if Pontanus was, instead, the seller of the MS to
Rudolf? Is that chronologically possible?

The fate of Jacobus' library after his death is indeed interesting.
Since all
his possessions went to the Clementinum while the two books we know he
owned
did not, we may wonder if his books had not yet changed hands before.
When
he was thrown in goal by representatives of the city of Melnik,
presumably
some of his property was looted... The two books did eventually go
different ways, but when did they separate?

If I understand correctly that Marci's library (which included
Baresch's) has
not been identified in  the Clementinum, then we may remember that Marci
was really much more connected with the Charles University and may even
have been made a Jesuit (shortly prior to his death) against his will.
In his last years, Marci's closest collaborator was his pupil Dobrzenski
de Nigro Ponte. Also he may have known more about the Voynich MS and he
may
well have inherited most of Marci's library. At least some of his Mss
(including private correspondence) ended up in the Strahov monastery.

Equally fascinating is the fact that Pontanus' library, donated to the 
Prague cathedral (St. Vitus?) was looted by the Swedes. Since Dr.
Raphael's
Bohemian course, also looted by the Swedes, still exists, we may have 
similar hopes for, say, a catalogue of Pontanus' library.

Excellent work by Rafal!

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 10 04:25:58 2000
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Date: Mon, 10 Jul 2000 08:24:20 +0000
From: Rene Zandbergen <rene@voynich.nu>
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Personally, I never saw anything suspicious in the Jacobus
signature. Surely enough, I have toyed with the idea that the
whole MS was a modern fake, but it would also mean that 
the Marci letter in the VMs, at least one more Marci letter
and the Baresch letters are all fakes as well. And the Baresch
letter does fit into the pagination. And it is included in the
index of APUG 557 so that would have to be a fake as well...

Stolfi wrote:
> Do they spell the name in the same way?

As I learned from Rafal, the one in the Pontanus MS is in Czech
while 'ours' is in Latin.

> Can we confirm whether the handwriting is Jacobus's own, or
> someone else's?

I can't think of any reason why anyone else would have written
Jacobus' name on the first page, unless he had a personal scribe
(even then....). But then it doesn't matter too much. Surely it
will be interesting to find some of Jacobus handwriting, since then
we can see if the 'michiton oladabas' is his.... It could be
Baresch'. The handwriting is somewhat similar.

> (And, whether the handwriting is Jacobus's or not, there is still a
> small chance that the signature was forged by Voynich, in order to
> back up Raphael's assertion and neutralize Marci's skeptical
> disclaimer.

Marci's disclaimer should probably not be taken as skepticism, but 
simply a reluctance to formulate an opinion. This phrase is used
in other letters as well. I don't see how Jacobus' signature
helps in favor of the Bacon hypothesis. The statement by Raphael
seems sufficient. I therefore also do not doubt (speaking for 
myself of course) that Rudolf did indeed once buy the VMs for 600
ducats or thereabouts. He may have learned this from one of
the Ferdinands or even from the seller himself. 

> Note that Jacobus's signature is still the only concrete evidence
> connecting the VMS with Rudolph's court, and therefore with Dee and
> Bacon. Without it, Raphael's assertion can be easily dismissed ---
> Marci's letter does not even tell whether Raphael ever saw Rudolph's
> "Bacon" MS. Perhaps RM only heard of it and *presumed* it was the VMS.

I wouldn't so easily dismiss R's assertion about Rudolf the buyer of
the MS. After all, there is nothing controversial about it - it
doesn't contradict any known fact. Yes, Rudolf was not good at paying
all his bills (in particular Kepler's) but he did not mind spending
money on his collection. And the price may not necessarily have been
paid in gold pieces. It could have been anything worth 600 ducats,
such as a piece of land with an accompanying title. He did this all
the time.
The Marci letter is good evidence IMO, and what we learned from the
Baresch letter confirms the Marci letter in almost every detail. 
I agree Raphael may never have seen the VMs, although it seems more
than likely that he did round the time he discussed it with Marci.

> Rene, do you recall when it was that V. identified the signature as
> Jacobus's --- was it before or after he picked Dee as the likely
> "bearer"? And is it known who applied the chemicals to f1r, and when?

We have only Voynich's word for it, of course, but he did pick
Bacon as the writer while still in the Mondragone, and before he read
the Marci letter. (This is so hard to believe that I wonder if it can
be a lie). He writes that he made the Dee connection after he
learned from the Marci letter that the VMs was at Rudolf's court and
after he studied the lives of many people who were there (there is some
evidence for this in the Beinecke material, but when exactly he 
settled on Dee we cannot know).

Now the letter he got from Prague explaining about Jacobus and Raphael
arrived in March 1921, i.e. exactly one month before he gave his
lecture and paper for the college of physicians. This was in reply
to a query he made, and from the reply, the query can in part be
reconstructed. This had Jacobus' name badly misspelled and included
the assumption that he was a contemporary of Marci.
Thus, he made the Dee connection before he was told who were Jacobus
and Raphael.

I will become suspicious again if there is evidence that V knew
who they were before this date (e.g. if there is a draft of his paper
more than 1 month old :-) )

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 10 08:46:18 2000
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From: Jorge Stolfi <stolfi@ic.unicamp.br>
To: voynich@rand.org
Subject: Re: Correlation between text and pictures
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    > [Rene:] Of course, there is a very strong point against
    > [text-picture] correlation: the Herbal-A (HeA) and -B (HeB)
    > pages have the same type of illustrations, yet vastly different
    > text statistics. If we want to maintain that the HeA and HeB
    > text are about the same subject, we have a few difficult
    > questions to answer.

I don't think it is such a strong argument. There is no
reason to believe that the pages were written in the 
order they are now bound; and several good reasons to believe
that they weren't (e.g. that two-page illustration in Bio,
with the water channel connecing the two pages).

If we assume that HeA and HeB were written at different times, with a
gap of months or years between them, it is quite possible that the
differences in vocabulary are due to a change of style, which could be
due to several reasons. E.g.

  HeA:  Wild Pansy. Good for red eye, ingrown toenail. 
        Pick leaf if moon full with knife of silver.
        Boil leaf in wine, drink two time each day.
  
  HeB:  The Wild Pansy was recommended by Dioscorides for red eyes,
        and also soothes ingrown toenails. The leaves should be
        collected at full moon with a silver sickle, then boiled in
        wine, and the infusion should be taken twice daily.
        
Note that the digraph "he" and final "s" occur only in the second
version...

    > Several years ago, I pointed out the fact that some pages
    > in this quire have frequent occurrences of the word
    > 'qokeey' (4OFCC9) while others do not have it at all.
    > This is also the case for f58. Zero occurrences on the
    > recto and six on the verso. Coincidence?
    
I don't think this is exceptional.  I have seen such page-specific
words in other sections, too.  Many words occur several times
on a certain page, or on two consecutive pages, then are absent 
on other pages.  The following listing of the VMS text highlights
some of those words:

  http://www.dcc.unicamp.br/~stolfi/voynich/Notes/015/pages-html/index.html

Here are some of the more conspicuous words with "lumpy" distributions
in herbal-A. The notation (m/n) means that the word (or word family)
occurs m times on this page, and n times in the whole section.
  
  f1v:   chodo/chody (4/33), dol/dal (6/86) 
  f2r:   don/dan (4/11)
  f3r:   chom/cham (6/23), ycheor,qocheor (3/7) 
  f3v:   chom (3/23) 
  f6v:   ychear,ycheor (2/7)
  f8r:   kaiin,taiin (3/32)
  f8v:   cheor/chear (4/44), chol (10/219)
  f14v:  dy (9/115) 
  f16v:  chody,chydy (3/33)
  f17v:  tchol/fchol/kchol (3/33)
  f23r:  qokchol/ofchol/okchol/otchol (6/89), dal/d0l (5/86)
  f23v:  ol/al (5/67)
  f24r:  shom (3/5)
  f27v:  dsho/dshy (3/16)
  f30r:  chey (6/66)
  f35r:  taiin,paiin (4/32)
  f38v:  key/tey (3/9)
  f42r:  shol (12/100)
  f47v:  chody (2/33)
  f49r:  chey/cheo (5/66)
  f53r:  okod,qokod (3/13)
  f53v:  opod,qotod (2/13)
  f54r:  dam,dom (6/39), al/ol (6/67)
  f56r:  kchol/tchol/kchal (5/33)
  f56v:  kcheey, tcheey (3/10)
  f90r2: al,ol (4/67)
  f93r:  s (10/123), dol,dal (5/86)
  f93v:  chody (3/33),
  f96r:  or/ar (6/73), ctheor/cpheor (2/8)
  f96v:  key,teo (2/9)
  ...
  
So, for example, there are 23 occurrences of <chom> and <cham> in the
Herbal-A section, of which 9 are on on folio f3. There are 11
occurrences of <olain>/<qolain>/<qaloin> in the biological section,
of which 7 are on page f76r. And so on.

The lumpy distribution of certain words can be seen also on 
samples of ordinary English (check pages 201r and following 
in the aforementioned site).  So this is just one more 
aspect in which Voynichese looks like a typical natural language...

All the best,

--stolfi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 10 09:43:32 2000
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Date: Mon, 10 Jul 2000 13:42:29 +0000
From: Rene Zandbergen <rene@voynich.nu>
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Stolfi wrote:

> > [Rene:] Of course, there is a very strong point against
> > [text-picture] correlation: the Herbal-A (HeA) and -B (HeB)
> > pages have the same type of illustrations, yet vastly different
> > text statistics. If we want to maintain that the HeA and HeB
> > text are about the same subject, we have a few difficult
> > questions to answer.

> I don't think it is such a strong argument. There is no
> reason to believe that the pages were written in the 
> order they are now bound; and several good reasons to believe
> that they weren't 

What really matters here is the latter, and I agree, although
I wonder about the quire numbers. These seem older than the
page numbers and I really wonder if it would be reasonable for
a later owner (who could not read the MS and therefore
mixed up the pages) to write quire numbers... They would
have become superfluous by that time, wouldn't they?

In any case, I agree with the possibility:

> If we assume that HeA and HeB were written at different times, with a
> gap of months or years between them, it is quite possible that the
> differences in vocabulary are due to a change of style, which could be
> due to several reasons. 

...even though we lack strong evidence for this.

> I don't think this is exceptional.  I have seen such page-specific
> words in other sections, too.  Many words occur several times
> on a certain page, or on two consecutive pages, then are absent 
> on other pages.  The following listing of the VMS text highlights
> some of those words:

All of these are good candidates for being subject-matter-dependent
words. The special bit about fol58 and the stars section is that
they are so far apart, and their connection is not as obvious
as some herbal pages. Also, it is not just the presence of one
word, but the fact that it is sometimes frequent, sometimes absent.
What I'm imagining is that this is a weather almanac section and
the word means rain, or a geography section (list of cities) and the
word means river or coast.
Something like that....

By the way, I don't know if this has been mentioned before, but on
f57r (a herbal page, on the reverse of the famous circular diagram
with the four sequences) the two paragraphs have very different
'language/style/dialect/spelling'. The page is marked as 'B'
but they're very differenct kinds of 'B'.

> So this is just one more aspect in which Voynichese looks like
> a typical natural language...

Many possible types of 'encoding' could preserve this structure.
So in the sense that it makes it look like a normal meaningful
text, I fully agree.  

Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 10 18:37:26 2000
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Rene wrote:

> Personally, I never saw anything suspicious in the Jacobus signature. Surely
> enough, I have toyed with the idea that the whole MS was a modern fake, but
> it would also mean that the Marci letter in the VMs, at least one more Marci
> letter and the Baresch letters are all fakes as well. And the Baresch letter
> does fit into the pagination. And it is included in the index of APUG 557 so
> that would have to be a fake as well...

That was my initial reaction as well...but what if a forger read that letter
and constructed a fake MSS to fit, then forged the Marci letter in the
expectation it would lead back to Baresch?

Karl

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 10 19:27:13 2000
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Message-ID: <396A5CD1.7C6014E1@voynich.nu>
Date: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 01:31:29 +0200
From: Zandbergen@t-online.de (Rene Zandbergen)
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Karl Kluge wrote:

> Rene wrote:
> 
> > Personally, I never saw anything suspicious in the Jacobus signature. Surely
> > enough, I have toyed with the idea that the whole MS was a modern fake, but
> > it would also mean that the Marci letter in the VMs, at least one more Marci
> > letter and the Baresch letters are all fakes as well. And the Baresch letter
> > does fit into the pagination. And it is included in the index of APUG 557 so
> > that would have to be a fake as well...
> 
> That was my initial reaction as well...but what if a forger read that letter
> and constructed a fake MSS to fit, then forged the Marci letter in the
> expectation it would lead back to Baresch?

No.  (I say with calm assuredness :-) 

Such a forger would have lived in the Jesuit community in the decades
prior to 1912. If he had access to Kircher's letters (a prerequisite) he
must have been a Jesuit of the Villa Mondragone, or before that at the
Collegium Romanum. If he forged the Marci letter, he must have known
that
Marci once inherited the alchemical library of the otherwise completely
unknown Georg Baresch. This is a detail contained in the Prague
civil records. It is just not credible that the forger could have known
this. 
So the Marci letter is real. And one can still see how it was folded 
and glued into the Voynich MS, therefore the Voynich MS is also real.

Besides, I think that this is one case where Occam's razor can
be applied with success. The proposed alternative scenario
is infinitely more inexplicable than that of a simple medieval
MS we happen not to be able to read, but the existence of which has
been recorded in a few places. 

The other question about the alternative scenario is:

Why on Earth ???


Cheers, Rene

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 10 20:12:29 2000
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Date: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 02:08:26 +0200
From: "Rafal T. Prinke" <rafalp@amu.edu.pl>
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Rene Zandbergen wrote:
> 
> Karl Kluge wrote:
> 
> > Rene wrote:
> >
> > > Personally, I never saw anything suspicious in the Jacobus signature. Surely

> > That was my initial reaction as well...but what if a forger read that letter
> > and constructed a fake MSS to fit, then forged the Marci letter in the
> > expectation it would lead back to Baresch?
> 
> No.  (I say with calm assuredness :-)

My original remark that the existence of another MS signed by 
Jacobus z Tepence convinced me that the one on VMS was genuine
did not intend to question the VMS history from Baresch on.
My point was that Voynich's "special light" and "chemicals"
applied to see the signature were not really convincing.
I am not sure, but has anyone else actually seen 
that signature? I mean, those who inspected it or wrote
about it?

> Marci once inherited the alchemical library of the otherwise completely
> unknown Georg Baresch. This is a detail contained in the Prague
> civil records. It is just not credible that the forger could have known
> this.

Is there any reference to that source? It should contain at least
some hint on who the elusive Georg Baresch was. If the inheritance
was recorded in the municipal (rather than civil - there were
no civil records at that time and they would not contain
such information anyway) records of Prague, then it can be nothing
else than Baresch's will. A copy of it could be a real treasure
of information!

Best regards,

Rafal


From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul 11 03:44:08 2000
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Date: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 07:40:48 +0000
From: Rene Zandbergen <rene@voynich.nu>
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Rafal wrote:

> My original remark that the existence of another MS signed by 
> Jacobus z Tepence convinced me that the one on VMS was genuine
> did not intend to question the VMS history from Baresch on.
> My point was that Voynich's "special light" and "chemicals"
> applied to see the signature were not really convincing.
> I am not sure, but has anyone else actually seen 
> that signature? I mean, those who inspected it or wrote
> about it?

Oddly enough, I don't remember if one can see anything on the
MS itself, but there are certainly a number of copies of the page
in the Beinecke which show it quite clearly. In fact, I ordered
a photocopy of one of the best ones, and when it arrived (promptly,
by the way), it turned out that the copier settings had been such
to optimise the contrast in the main body of the page and all
the marginal stuff had disappeared.
Brumbaugh has seen the same signature, and his son even reported
having read the word 'Prag' beneath it (not confirmed by anyone
and Brumbaugh's son's whereabouts are not known - I once asked
R. Babcock). Brumbaugh also writes about the year 1*30 (where
* is illegible) in the upper margin of the page. This cannot
originate from Jacobus. Then there are alphabet tables in the
right margin which are partly visible in both the Yale and the
Marshall copies.

> > [me:] Marci once inherited the alchemical library of the otherwise 
> > completely unknown Georg Baresch. This is a detail contained
> > in the Prague civil records. It is just not credible that the
> > forger could have known this.

>  Is there any reference to that source? It should contain at least
> some hint on who the elusive Georg Baresch was. If the inheritance
> was recorded in the municipal (rather than civil - there were
> no civil records at that time and they would not contain
> such information anyway) records of Prague, then it can be nothing
> else than Baresch's will. A copy of it could be a real treasure
> of information!

Well, I used 'civil' as a generic term for lack of a more precise
one. The inheritance by Marci was also reported by Brumbaugh 
in the same book (the reference is on my web site, but I cannot look
up the precise details such as page number or literal quote now, and
will be away for the rest of the week - maybe remind me next week
to look it up). There was a note sent from some Prague 'records
instance' to Voynich making this statement, which Brumbaugh saw.
It is one of the things I could not find in the Beinecke material
(while it was quite high on my wish list :-( ). It wasn't in the
box which had most of the historical stuff in (letters related to
the Mondragone, the other letters from Prague) and there were
two more huge boxes with general correspondence of which I could
only browse a few names known to me.

This was also one of the things we did not get very far on in 
Prague last February. Next time...
               
                   Rafal

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul 11 10:49:47 2000
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From: "Gabriel Landini" <G.Landini@bham.ac.uk>
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Can anybody give me the full reference of Capelli's dictionary of 
Latin Abbreviations?
What year and publisher? 
Is it still in print? or should I search for it in second hand shops?

Thanks.

Gabriel


From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul 11 17:49:17 2000
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Date: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 23:44:11 +0200
From: "Rafal T. Prinke" <rafalp@amu.edu.pl>
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Rene Zandbergen wrote:

> > it can be nothing
> > else than Baresch's will. A copy of it could be a real treasure
> > of information!

> The inheritance by Marci was also reported by Brumbaugh
> in the same book (the reference is on my web site, but I cannot look
> up the precise details such as page number or literal quote now, and
> will be away for the rest of the week - maybe remind me next week
> to look it up). There was a note sent from some Prague 'records
> instance' to Voynich making this statement, which Brumbaugh saw.

It would be helpful if Brumbaugh identifies the "records instance"
- it should be in Prague municipal court records but these are
certainly not easy to search. I do not know how the chancellary
was organized there - if there were separate books for registering
wills, it might be easier (but I doubt). 

> This was also one of the things we did not get very far on in
> Prague last February. Next time...

It is certainly worth persuing...

Best regards,

Rafal

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul 11 17:57:02 2000
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Date: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 23:56:43 +0200
From: "Rafal T. Prinke" <rafalp@amu.edu.pl>
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Gabriel Landini wrote:
> 
> Can anybody give me the full reference of Capelli's dictionary of
> Latin Abbreviations?
> What year and publisher?
> Is it still in print? or should I search for it in second hand shops?

There is a program called "Abbreviationes" which incorporates
Capelli and several other dictionaries. It is for the Mac but
apparently can now be also run on Windows. Have a look at:

    http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/philosophy/projects/abbrev.htm

I do not have it nor have I seen how it works but I have read
quite enthusiastic reviews (apart from what the designers say).

Best regards,

Rafal

From jim@mail.rand.org  Tue Jul 11 18:10:14 2000
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From: Karl Kluge <kckluge@eecs.umich.edu>
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> Rene Zandbergen wrote:
> 
> > > it can be nothing
> > > else than Baresch's will. A copy of it could be a real treasure
> > > of information!
> 
> > The inheritance by Marci was also reported by Brumbaugh
> > in the same book (the reference is on my web site, but I cannot look
> > up the precise details such as page number or literal quote now, and
> > will be away for the rest of the week - maybe remind me next week
> > to look it up). There was a note sent from some Prague 'records
> > instance' to Voynich making this statement, which Brumbaugh saw.
> 
> It would be helpful if Brumbaugh identifies the "records instance"
> - it should be in Prague municipal court records but these are
> certainly not easy to search. I do not know how the chancellary
> was organized there - if there were separate books for registering
> wills, it might be easier (but I doubt). 

I looked in my copy of Brumbaugh -- the reference is on page 135-6.  "The note
says that Marci probably inherited the manuscript from George Barschius, an
alchemist, since 'Marci inherited Barschius' alchemical library.'" There is
no endnote, and there is no precise citation of where in the boxes of
additional material at Yale this is to be found other than "(Copies of
translations of other letters from the Bohemian State Archives to Voynich,
similarly undated and unaddressed, were in the same box.)"

If we've covered this recently, forgive me -- on page 137 Brumbaugh
mentions item 40, pg 49 in the catalog of a 1975 exhibit of Hayek's 
works which is a Mss with a section on "Rosicrucian writing" (hmmm...
shades of my "theory" that the Manifestos were an attempt to draw 
out someone who knew how to decipher the Voynich Mss) -- was that lead
ever followed up? If this was covered in recent discussions about Hayek
I didn't save the message.

Karl

From reeds Tue Jul 11 19:28:13 2000
From: reeds@fry.research.att.com (Jim Reeds)
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Date: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 19:28:13 -0400
In-Reply-To: "Gabriel Landini" <G.Landini@bham.ac.uk>
        "Capelli's dictionary" (Jul 11, 15:46)
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On Jul 11, 15:46, Gabriel Landini wrote:


> Can anybody give me the full reference of Capelli's dictionary of 
> Latin Abbreviations?
> What year and publisher? 

My wife's copy (purchased in about 1969) is (copying from the title
page):

Manuale Hoepli
Lexicon Abbreviaturarum
Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane
... 
per cura di
Adiano Cappelli
Seste edizione (anastatica) corredata con 9 tavole fuori testo

Editore Ulrico Hoepli Milano
Ristampa 1967

> Is it still in print? or should I search for it in second hand shops?

As far as I know it is still in print.  But a second hand
shop is a good place to look, too!




-- 
Jim Reeds, AT&T Labs - Research
Shannon Laboratory, Room C229, Building 103
180 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, USA

reeds@research.att.com, phone: +1 973 360 8414, fax: +1 973 360 8178

From jim@mail.rand.org  Wed Jul 12 00:46:43 2000
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Date: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 23:43:48 -0500
From: Dennis <ixohoxi@micro-net.com>
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	Somewhat off topic, but I can't resist!  A long time 
ago, I read an "Unsolved Mysteries" book which I can no
longer find.  One of the mysteries described was that
of "The Man in the Iron Mask".  Kahn and Singh both
discuss Bazieres' breaking of the Royal Cipher around
1890.  They both discuss how this might bear on the
mystery of the Man in the Iron Mask (Kahn (pp. 860-862)
and Simon Singh (pp. 57-58) ).  

	In Kahn's account, Bazieres decrypted a passage
wherein the King ordered Nicholas de Catinat to arrest
Vivien Labbe', Seigneur du Bulonde, [a general who had
disappointed the King] and "to conduct him to the
fortress of Pignerol, where His Majesty desires that he
be guarded locked in a cell of that fortress at night
and having the liberty during the day of walking on the
battlements with a 330 309".  The group 330 309 appears
no where in the Royal Cipher, and Bazieres, knowing
about the mysterious prisoner at Pignerol, guessed that
330 meant "mask" and 309 was a stop.  However, Bulonde
was still alive five years after the mysterious
prisoner's death.  So there are problems with that
theory.

	[Singh retells this story, but he doesn't mention the
330 309 cipher group; he just says 'mask' with no
qualifications.  Nor does he mention the problems with
identifying Bulonde as the Mask.]

	According to the "Unsolved Mysteries" book, the French
Revolutionaries went looking in the royal archives for
dirt to further discredit the monarchy.  They finally
found that the Man in the Iron Mask was one Eustache
d'Auger de Cavoye, a dishonorably discharged
cavalryman.  He, in turn, had been in the circle of the
Marquise de Brinvilliers.  

	de Brinvilliers was a sort of French Elizabeth
Bathory.  She was very intelligent and beautiful, but
she killed her father and her two brothers and almost
succeeded with her husband.  

	To effect this, she used a slow poison, most likely an
arsenic compound.  Arsenic is ideal for slow poisoning,
since it has no taste, accumulates slowly in the body,
and the resulting death resembles that from a prolonged
illness.  I've heard that people used to take small
doses of arsenic as a stimulant -- fine so long as you
don't use so much that it accumulates!  In King Louis'
day,  and, of course, there were no methods of chemical
analysis to betray a poisoning.  [Nothing new about
this.  Read Robert Graves' *I, Claudius*.]  

	The nobility of the time poisoned each other on a
massive scale.  Here again, that age had no method to
produce pure arsenic compounds.  Therefore, a few
commoners would usually be poisoned first as a test. 
Knowing what problems would arise if all this were
publicly known, Louis formed a secret court, the
Burning Chamber, to try such cases.  

	However, in addition to the poisoning cases, de
Brinvilliers also arranged Black Masses, an evil parody
of the Catholic Mass, to people wanting to gain success
at court.  Louis drew the line at this, and had her
submit to the water torture for several hours.  She was
sentenced to be beheaded.  

	For more, see

http://www.litrix.com/madraven/madne016.htm

http://cweb.middlebury.edu/bulgakov/brinvilliers.html

	d'Auger, according to the files unearthed by the
Revolutionaries, had also been involved in the Black
Masses.  Yet he was not burned or beheaded.  He was
imprisoned, but he received exceptional kind treatment
for that era.  He was not chained to the wall and was
given musical instruments.  Louis constantly asked
about his health.  The prisoner was only told to
maintain absolute silence about his person.  He wore a
mask when outside or being moved from one jail to
another.  

	For a little more about D'Auger, see

http://geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/7545/legends/IronMask.html

	There are some obvious problems with the story as told
by "Unsolved Mysteries".  Alexander Dumas wrote his
novel "The Man in the Iron Mask 1848-1850.  In the
1830's an opera was written about the Mask.  Finally,
Bazieres did his decipherment in 1891.  If the
Revolutionaries had indeed found documents linking
d'Auger to the Black Masses, then all these people
writing decades later about the Mask should have known
about it.  

	But the real mystery of the Man in the Iron Mask
remains. If the Mask either held some terrible secrets
or was a possible pretender to the throne, why wasn't
he just killed, instead of held in secrecy like this?  

	I've often wondered whether the VMs isn't comparable
to this.  The VMs contains a terrible, occult Secret
that the Hidden Powers That Be fear, but, due to the
occult nature of the Secret, they cannot simply destroy
the VMs.

;-)

Dennis

From jim@mail.rand.org  Fri Jul 14 20:19:42 2000
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Date: Fri, 14 Jul 2000 17:10:52 -0700 (PDT)
To: voynich@rand.org
Subject: More unhinged rantings
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The recent discussion of "Vickie" reminded me of a poster I encountered
several years ago on alt.folklore.computers.  I saved as many of his
articles for my quotes file as I could, but that unfortunately is only
four, which are attached below, in the form that they exist in my quotes
file.  I'm sure that somewhere on the net there exists an archive of
alt.folklore.computers, from which one might be able to get a bigger
sample of Michael Lima.

I find the use of the word "heliogram" in the first posting especially
interesting - it may simply be the result of a computer spell-checker
(since "heliogram" *is* a real word), but it also seems like a mistake a
human with a cognitive problem might make.  Note that Lima seemed to have
been posting from Quebec, where a lot of people speak French natively, and
he was posting in English, so it's possible that there's a language
barrier involved as well, although I can't really believe that the
strangeness of his postings is solely due to bad translation.

Matthew Skala
mskala@ansuz.sooke.bc.ca              I paid for it, I own it; fight SDMI!
http://www.islandnet.com/~mskala/

%
With Virtual Reality, you have a device set up in your head and whatever
you do is in your own world, files are going to be touched thanks to the
dimensions provided in virtual reality. So anyone is going to know or
hear what you are saying, loggers are going through and heliogram be seen
by you when you are using VR, so that you see other people's action's,
even playing games with your neighbour who also has a VR thing and both
of you interact.

                         - Michael Lima <mlima@loyalistc.on.ca>
                           alt.folklore.computers
                           <3sptpi$f35@knot.queensu.ca>
%
A very good reason "Ending of A Century" you have to math new tecnology
for next century. The reason why many advance inventions do not come to
the market is because the old tecnology is too much yet. Why do you thing
that Networks without cable do not finnaly apear? or the solar cars.
Imagine how many gas cars and cable factories are currently with many
interests. The same happens with keyboards and monitors.

                         - Michael Lima <mlima@loyalistc.on.ca>
                           alt.folklore.computers
                           <3spu4n$f35@knot.queensu.ca>
%
Ficcion is closely together with Science. But if you think that keyboards
go in relation to the rapid speed of computer development, you are like
those who said that flying was a ficcion.

                         - Michael Lima <mlima@loyalistc.on.ca>
                           alt.folklore.computers
                           <3tho6r$84k@knot.queensu.ca>
%
Lord Of Nothing:

Keep your hopes and be obtimistic about Macintosh, probably in a hundreed
years it will begin in it's new bussines, the sales of Apple but not
PC's, either it will be Apple pies.

OS2 announce to go to the market with the famous PowerPC from IBM and
OS2 as it's operating system, instead they went t to the market with Win
95 and of course Dos as the operating system.
What happen is that OS2 requires more memory than dos to run and there
goes the important factor *Money*

                         - Michael Lima <mlima@loyalistc.on.ca>
                           alt.folklore.computers
                           <3thpim$84k@knot.queensu.ca>

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sat Jul 15 22:35:45 2000
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Date: Sat, 15 Jul 2000 21:32:59 -0500
From: Dennis <ixohoxi@micro-net.com>
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	Whatever Michael Lima sounds only a little unhinged to
me.  Vickie had severe depression, which may have been
distorting her cognition.  Now Francis Dec is clearly
unhinged:

http://www.teleport.com/~dkossy/newschzwing.html

Note the long strings of adjectives related by sound
rather than meanings.  

	There's a spectrum to all these things.  The only sure
case I know of a (possibly) disturbed person who
invents his own alphabet, and possibly
language/representation system/etc. is James Hampton. 
Unfortunately the easy-to-understand pages on him are
gone.  His work is at the National Museum of American
Art:

http://nmaa-ryder.si.edu/

	I ordered a microfilm of his notebook in Hamptonese
from the Smithsonian and made a copy.  Since I'm
stymied for now on the VMs, I may do some work on it.

Dennis


mskala@ansuz.sooke.bc.ca wrote:
 
> I find the use of the word "heliogram" in the first posting especially
> interesting - it may simply be the result of a computer spell-checker
> (since "heliogram" *is* a real word), but it also seems like a mistake a
> human with a cognitive problem might make.  Note that Lima seemed to have
> been posting from Quebec, where a lot of people speak French natively, and
> he was posting in English, so it's possible that there's a language
> barrier involved as well, although I can't really believe that the
> strangeness of his postings is solely due to bad translation.

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul 16 15:58:23 2000
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Date: Sun, 16 Jul 2000 21:51:14 +0100
Subject: Fwd: The Archimedes Palimpsest
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Dear all,

I can't resist forwarding this piece of mail from another mailing list.
What does this MS have that the Voynich MS doesn't...
(apart from being written in the 3rd C BC by one of the most
important scientists in human history)?

Cheers, Rene


A TIME CAPSULE FROM ARCHIMEDES is how historian
Reviel Netz describes a tenth century manuscript bearing seven
different works composed by Archimedes in the third century
BCE.  The manuscript, referred to as the "Archimedes Palimpsest"
(from the Greek word for rescraped, since the parchment was
partially scraped clean and then overwritten in the twelfth  century
with a number of prayers), rested in obscurity for centuries until
1906 when a scholar recognized the underlying text and
geometrical drawings as being by Archimedes.  The parchment
quickly disappeared again, only to show up at auction in 1998.

The purchaser, who remains anonymous, is now making the
manuscript available for study.   Of the seven different texts,
several (such as Archimedes' treatises on buoyancy and on centers
of gravity in planes) exist in other manuscripts, but in the case of
two of the works, this manuscript represents the sole source.  And
one of these, a treatise called "Method," sets forth Archimedes'
approach to using mathematical principles in solving physics
problems and vice versa.  For this reason, and because the
Palimpsest "is, by a long stretch, the earliest evidence we have for
Archimedes," Mr. Netz believes this is the most important
manuscript associated with the man whom many regard at the most
important scientist of antiquity.

(Article by Netz in Physics Today, June 2000.)


Web site URL on the palimpsest:

http://www.thewalters.org/archimedes.html




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Date: Wed, 26 Jul 2000 15:22:34 +0000
To: voynich@rand.org
From: Adam McLean <alchemy@dial.pipex.com>
Subject: Cryptography of 1502 with Voynich resonances
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--=====================_964621354==_
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Today by happy accident when looking for another piece I found
this article by Pierre Speziali. I have not seen this mentioned on
the Voynich list.

Pierre Speziali, "La cryptographie au XVIe siecle".  Bibliotheque
d'Humanisme et Renaissance, Vol 17, 1955,p188-206.

What caught my eye was an illustration of a coded letter dated 1502
which superficially looks similar to the Voynich characters (though
on closer examination they are not the same). I include a scan of
part of this in the attached jpg.

The article surveys cryptography in the 16th century and much 
of it will be familiar to the contributors to this list, but I was struck 
by the similarities to the Voynich. This diplomatic letter,
preserved in the Library of the University in Geneva, was sent in 
1502 by King Ferdinand II (The Catholic) of Spain to his ambassador 
in France Gonzalve of Cordoba. Speziali has luckily for us deciphered 
this letter and gives some details of the system used. There is a 
dictionary listings of trigrams of the characters in the cipher and the
system seems quite straightforward. The language is Spanish of 
course.  My French is very poor so I cannot translate the article for you
but instead I enclose the part of the article which refers to the 
decipherment. 

Perhaps understanding this cipher might give us some clues to the
structure of the Voynich cipher.

My apologies if this is already well known to all of you. I could not
find it referenced in D'Imperio. It may be important to the context of the
Voynich MS.


With best wishes,

Adam McLean
=========


Pierre Speziali, "La cryptographie au XVIe siecle" [part].

La Bibliothque publique et universitaire de Genve possde l'original d'une
lettre chiffre que Ferdinand le Catholique a adresse le 16 aot 1502  son
ambassadeur en France, Gonzalve de Cordoue.   
Ce document de grande valeur figure dans le vol. 1 de la collection des Mss.
Favre. Le chiffre employ n'est pas un des 66 donns par Devos et il est
fort probable que sa clef n'existe plus ; il a t cependant possible de la
reconstituer grce au texte clair qui fait partie de la mme collection. La
traduction n'est pas facile  lire  cause d'une foule d'abrviations et de
ligatures mais, une fois l'alphabet tabli (II s'agit en l'occurrence d'une
substitution simple  reprsentations multiples et d'un nomenclateur), ces
abrviations et ligatures ne gnent plus, car rien n'est abrg dans le
texte chiffr. Nous allons ainsi connatre l'un de ces fameux chiffres
espagnols que Matteo Argenti tenait en grande estime.   
-On remarquera tout d'abord (voir la reproduction photographique de ce
document) qu'il y a des groupes de trois lettres, tels xar bob zok xiy au
commencement de la dpche, et des signes isols. Les trigrammes
appartiennent au nomenclateur et les lettres  l'alphabet ; il y a une
cinquantaine de signes diffrents, ce qui correspond bien  une moyenne de
deux  trois reprsentations pour chaque lettre de l'alphabet clair. Le
groupe bob est trs frquent ; grce  la traduction, on l'identifie tout de
suite avec  que .   
Prenons le dbut et posons xar == despues, bob == que, zok = nos ;   
faisons un bref arrt  cause de xiy qui revient un peu plus loin. Le mot du
clair est  escrevistes , donc xiy = es et les sept signes compris entre
les deux xiy correspondent respectivement aux lettres de  crevist  ; voil
donc sept signes d'identifis sur un total de cinquante. On n'a plus qu'
les reporter partout o ils apparaissent et, avec un peu de patience, on
reconstituera l'alphabet entier. Pour des raisons typographiques et pour ne
pas allonger cet expos, nous   
nous abstenons de donner l'alphabet de chiffrement ; le nomenclateur offre
plus d'intrt et il vaut la pein de le rtablir aussi bien ordonn que le
nombre de groupes le permet.   
Relevons,  la 14 ligne de la premire page, la squence suivante, dont
l'aspect est intressant du point de vue cryptographique :
   
xnp xnp m xny xnp 7 yny   
de  de-  f-   en- de-  r-  lo   

A la 22* ligne, plusieurs de ces groupes rapparaissent pour former le mot 
defenderse .   
Les mots nemo et animabus ne signifient rien du tout et le trait horizontal
surmont d'un point est galement une nulle.  
On remarque qu'en plus des trigrammes il y a, par ci par l quelques
bigrammes ; on voit aussi que les trigrammes commenant  par la mme lettre
sont ordonns, plus ou moins rgulirement, d'aprs la troisime lettre.
Enfin, comme la plupart des groupes frquents du nomenclateur doivent
figurer dans une dpche aussi longue que la ntre, on peut attribuer an
nomenclateur original une richesse maximum de deux cents mots. Cela revient
 dire que notre liste permet de dchiffrer n'importe quelle autre lettre
chiffre par le mme procd.   
Voici,  toutes fins utiles, le texte clair de la dpche du 16 aot 1502.





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Subject: Re: Cryptography of 1502 with Voynich resonances
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	Yes, the general shape is reminiscent of Voynichese. 
Perhaps this cipher is also a descendant of the
"humanist style"?

Adam McLean wrote:
> 
> Today by happy accident when looking for another piece I found
> this article by Pierre Speziali. I have not seen this mentioned on
> the Voynich list.
> 
> Pierre Speziali, "La cryptographie au XVIe siecle".  Bibliotheque
> d'Humanisme et Renaissance, Vol 17, 1955,p188-206.
> 
> What caught my eye was an illustration of a coded letter dated 1502
> which superficially looks similar to the Voynich characters (though
> on closer examination they are not the same). I include a scan of
> part of this in the attached jpg.
> 
> The article surveys cryptography in the 16th century and much
> of it will be familiar to the contributors to this list, but I was struck
> by the similarities to the Voynich. This diplomatic letter,
> preserved in the Library of the University in Geneva, was sent in
> 1502 by King Ferdinand II (The Catholic) of Spain to his ambassador
> in France Gonzalve of Cordoba. Speziali has luckily for us deciphered
> this letter and gives some details of the system used. There is a
> dictionary listings of trigrams of the characters in the cipher and the
> system seems quite straightforward. The language is Spanish of
> course.  My French is very poor so I cannot translate the article for you
> but instead I enclose the part of the article which refers to the
> decipherment.
> 
> Perhaps understanding this cipher might give us some clues to the
> structure of the Voynich cipher.
> 
> My apologies if this is already well known to all of you. I could not
> find it referenced in D'Imperio. It may be important to the context of the
> Voynich MS.
> 
> With best wishes,
> 
> Adam McLean
> =========
> 
> Pierre Speziali, "La cryptographie au XVIe siecle" [part].
> 
> La Bibliothque publique et universitaire de Genve possde l'original d'une
> lettre chiffre que Ferdinand le Catholique a adresse le 16 aot 1502  son
> ambassadeur en France, Gonzalve de Cordoue.

	The public library of the University of Geneva
possesses the original of a letter in cipher that
Ferdinand the Catholic addressed, on 16 August 1502, to
his ambassador in France, Gonzalvo of Cordova.

> Ce document de grande valeur figure dans le vol. 1 de la collection des Mss.
> Favre. Le chiffre employ n'est pas un des 66 donns par Devos et il est
> fort probable que sa clef n'existe plus ; il a t cependant possible de la
> reconstituer grce au texte clair qui fait partie de la mme collection. La
> traduction n'est pas facile  lire  cause d'une foule d'abrviations et de
> ligatures mais, une fois l'alphabet tabli (II s'agit en l'occurrence d'une
> substitution simple  reprsentations multiples et d'un nomenclateur), ces
> abrviations et ligatures ne gnent plus, car rien n'est abrg dans le
> texte chiffr. 

	This very valuable document figures in Volume 1 of the
Favre collection of manuscripts.  The cipher used is
not among the 66 given by Devos and it is quite
probable that its key no longer exists; however it was
successfully reconstructed using the plaintext in the
same collection.  The translation is not easy to read
due to a mass  of abbreviations and ligatures but, once
the alphabet is established (it happens to be a simple
substitution cipher with multiple choices and a
nomenclator), these abbreviations and ligatures are no
longer a problem, since nothing is left out of the
enciphered text.

> Nous allons ainsi connatre l'un de ces fameux chiffres
> espagnols que Matteo Argenti tenait en grande estime.
> -On remarquera tout d'abord (voir la reproduction photographique de ce
> document) qu'il y a des groupes de trois lettres, tels xar bob zok xiy au
> commencement de la dpche, et des signes isols. Les trigrammes
> appartiennent au nomenclateur et les lettres  l'alphabet ; il y a une
> cinquantaine de signes diffrents, ce qui correspond bien  une moyenne de
> deux  trois reprsentations pour chaque lettre de l'alphabet clair. Le
> groupe bob est trs frquent ; grce  la traduction, on l'identifie tout de
> suite avec  que .

	Thus we shall encounter one of the famed Spanish
ciphers that Matteo Argenti held in great esteem. 
Notice first of all (viewing the photographic
reproduction of this document) that there are groups of
three letters, like xar bob zok xiy at the dispatch's
beginning, and isolated signs.  The trigrams belong to
the nomenclator and the letters of the alphabet; there
are fifty different signs, which corresponds to an
average of two or three different signs for each letter
of the plaintext.  The group bob is very common; thanks
to the translation, it is immediately recognized as
"that" [the coordinating conjunction, not the
demonstrative adjective! (translator's note)].

> Prenons le dbut et posons xar == despues, bob == que, zok = nos ;
> faisons un bref arrt  cause de xiy qui revient un peu plus loin. Le mot du
> clair est  escrevistes , donc xiy = es et les sept signes compris entre
> les deux xiy correspondent respectivement aux lettres de  crevist  ; voil
> donc sept signes d'identifis sur un total de cinquante. On n'a plus qu'
> les reporter partout o ils apparaissent et, avec un peu de patience, on
> reconstituera l'alphabet entier.

	Let us begin with xar= despues [= depuis, since?], bob
= that, zok = our;
then stop briefly with xiy which returns a little
later; the plaintext is "escrevistes" [writers?], so
xiy = 'es' and the seven signs included between the two
xiy correspond to the letters of 'crevist'; that gives
seven identified symbols out of fifty.  It only remains
to substitute them wherever they occur and, with a
little patience, the whole alphabet can be
reconstructed.


> Pour des raisons typographiques et pour ne
> pas allonger cet expos, nous
> nous abstenons de donner l'alphabet de chiffrement ; le nomenclateur offre
> plus d'intrt et il vaut la pein de le rtablir aussi bien ordonn que le
> nombre de groupes le permet.
> Relevons,  la 14 ligne de la premire page, la squence suivante, dont
> l'aspect est intressant du point de vue cryptographique :
> 
> xnp xnp m xny xnp 7 yny
> de  de-  f-   en- de-  r-  lo
[in order to defend the]

	For typographic reasons, and to keep this discussion
as brief as possible, we shall not give the entire
cipher alphabet; the nomenclator is of greater
interest, and it is worth the effort to decipher it to
the extent that the number of groups permits.  

	Let us take up, on the 14th line of the first page,
the following sequence, which looks interesting from
the cryptographic viewpoint:

xnp xnp m  xny xnp 7   yny
de  de- f- en- de- r-  lo
[to defend the]


> 
> A la 22* ligne, plusieurs de ces groupes rapparaissent pour former le mot 
> defenderse .
> Les mots nemo et animabus ne signifient rien du tout et le trait horizontal
> surmont d'un point est galement une nulle.

	On the 22nd line, several of these groups re-appear to
form the word 'defenerse' [to defend].  The words
'nemo' [Latin 'no one'] and animabus [Latin 'by means
of the souls'] are nulls and the horizontal stroke over
a period [.] is also a null.

> On remarque qu'en plus des trigrammes il y a, par ci par l quelques
> bigrammes ; on voit aussi que les trigrammes commenant  par la mme lettre
> sont ordonns, plus ou moins rgulirement, d'aprs la troisime lettre.
> Enfin, comme la plupart des groupes frquents du nomenclateur doivent
> figurer dans une dpche aussi longue que la ntre, on peut attribuer an
> nomenclateur original une richesse maximum de deux cents mots. Cela revient
>  dire que notre liste permet de dchiffrer n'importe quelle autre lettre
> chiffre par le mme procd.
> Voici,  toutes fins utiles, le texte clair de la dpche du 16 aot 1502.

	One also notes that in addition to the trigrams there
are, here and there, some digrams; one also sees that
the trigrams beginning with the same letter are in
order, more or less regularly, according to the third
letter.  Finally, as the majority of the nomenclator's
more frequent groups must appear in a dispatch of this
size, on can attribute a maximum of two hundred words
to the original nomenclator.  That is to say that our
list allows us to decipher any other letter enciphered
by the same process.  

	Here, for all practical purposes, is the plaintext of
the dispatch of 16 August 1502.

> 
>   -------------------------------------------------------
>                    Name: speziali.jpg
>    speziali.jpg    Type: JPEG Image (image/jpeg)
>                Encoding: base64
> 
>   -------------------------------------------------------

From jim@mail.rand.org  Fri Jul 28 00:45:31 2000
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From: Jorge Stolfi <stolfi@ic.unicamp.br>
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    > > Prenons le dbut et posons xar == despues, bob == que, zok = nos ;

"despues que nos escrivistes" = 
"since|after you wrote us"

    > xnp xnp m  xny xnp 7   yny
    > de  de- f- en- de- r-  lo

"de defenderlo" = "from defending him"

    >  defenderse 

"[to] defend himself"

(The "him" and "himself" could also be a polite 3rd person form of
"you", like Italian "Lei" and German "Sie".  However this is 
unlikely since the letter opens with the informal 2nd person "you".)

All the best,

--stolfi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Fri Jul 28 11:54:32 2000
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I found this page by chance, while looking up another 
kind of Beowulf entirely:

http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBeowulf/ajp-llc.htm

All the best,

--stolfi

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sat Jul 29 14:07:19 2000
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Date: Sat, 29 Jul 2000 20:10:57 +0200
From: Zandbergen@t-online.de (Rene Zandbergen)
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Thanks to Adam McLean for this interesting letter.

The script is reminiscent of the ones presented by D'Imperio
in Fig. 39 (those who haven't got D'Imperio can see it at Takeshi's
online translation of it), and also of the various alphabets given
by Tranchedino, if memory serves me.
I just went back to my sparse notes and see that T. was born in
1441 and worked in Bologna in some diplomatic function in 1492-1493.
This is only 10 years before the letter given by Adam and some 25
years after the average dating of the VMs. These times are close enough
to make the comparison interesting.

One thing the letter showed me is that I was wrong in thinking that 
a difference between the VMs and such ciphers was that the VMs shows
a flowing script while these cipher alphabets would not allow this.
(I don't remember seeing sample letters in T.).

I am not sure whether it is a betrayal of humanist-writing tendencies,
but the author of the letter clearly had a desire to produce an elegant
looking result. All the lines are straight as a ruler and the size 
and shape of the letters do not vary.
 
Quoting Dennis' translation:

> Thus we shall encounter one of the famed Spanish
> ciphers that Matteo Argenti held in great esteem.

In the introduction to Tranchedino there is a reference,
which I scribbled down as follows:

 Calendars of Letters, Dispatches and Statepapers relating
 to the Negociations between England and Spain, preserved in
 the archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, ed. G.A. Bergenroth,
 Vol.1 1485-1509, London 1862.

This seems relevant. 

> [...] The trigrams belong to
> the nomenclator and the letters of the alphabet; there
> are fifty different signs, which corresponds to an
> average of two or three different signs for each letter
> of the plaintext. [...]
> For typographic reasons, and to keep this discussion
> as brief as possible, we shall not give the entire
> cipher alphabet; the nomenclator is of greater
> interest, and it is worth the effort to decipher it to
> the extent that the number of groups permits.

A pity. It would have been interesting to find out how many
total cipher 'words', made up of 1,2 or 3 of these 50 characters
exist. It would also be interesting so see for how many different
digraphs in the plaintext a 3-char. cipher group is given.

> [...] one also sees that
> the trigrams beginning with the same letter are in
> order, more or less regularly, according to the third
> letter.  

This is a faithful translation of the French. I fail to
understand precisely what is meant.

> Finally, as the majority of the nomenclator's
> more frequent groups must appear in a dispatch of this
> size, on can attribute a maximum of two hundred words
> to the original nomenclator.  That is to say that our
> list allows us to decipher any other letter enciphered
> by the same process.

Same comment. 
Does this mean that the encryption by pairs of letters
is what constitutes the nomenclator? If so, then I have
always misunderstood its meaning (thinking that it meant
the use of short code groups for entire words - important
ones at that).

Explanatory responses most welcomed,
        Rene

From reeds Sat Jul 29 17:47:05 2000
From: reeds@fry.research.att.com (Jim Reeds)
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Date: Sat, 29 Jul 2000 17:47:05 -0400
In-Reply-To: Zandbergen@t-online.de (Rene Zandbergen)
        "Re: Cryptography of 1502 with Voynich resonances" (Jul 29, 20:10)
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On Jul 29, 20:10, Rene Zandbergen wrote:

> Subject: Re: Cryptography of 1502 with Voynich resonances
> Thanks to Adam McLean for this interesting letter.

Yes, from me, too.
> 
> The script is reminiscent of the ones presented by D'Imperio
> in Fig. 39 (those who haven't got D'Imperio can see it at Takeshi's
> online translation of it), and also of the various alphabets given
> by Tranchedino, if memory serves me.

The 1502 cipher Adam showed us is typical of ciphers of the period.

.. 
> Does this mean that the encryption by pairs of letters
> is what constitutes the nomenclator? If so, then I have
> always misunderstood its meaning (thinking that it meant
> the use of short code groups for entire words - important
> ones at that).

The term "nomenclator" is something of an anachronism, or at
least smacks of terminology shift.  It is a modern term for
the kind of ciphers used from the middle ages into the early
modern period, with a list of plain text elements each with one
or more cipher equivalents.  Sometimes the plain text elements
were mostly letters and letter sequences, sometimes they included
common words, sometimes proper names and titles.

Dr. Karl de Leeuw, a Dutch historian of cryptography, has told me
he has seen the word "nomenclator" used in its modern cryptographic
sense before 1900. But it was not often so used. This meaning is
not listed in the Oxford English Dictionary, for instance. David
Kahn, I think, made it popular in his 1967 "The Codebreakers".
(To the ancient Romans, a nomenclator was a servant who reminded
one of the names of people one met!)



-- 
Jim Reeds, AT&T Labs - Research
Shannon Laboratory, Room C229, Building 103
180 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, USA

reeds@research.att.com, phone: +1 973 360 8414, fax: +1 973 360 8178

From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul 30 03:54:40 2000
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Message-ID: <3983E059.C2080061@voynich.nu>
Date: Sun, 30 Jul 2000 09:59:21 +0200
From: Zandbergen@t-online.de (Rene Zandbergen)
Reply-To: rene@voynich.nu
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To: voynich@rand.org
Subject: Possibly interesting old (lost) books
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Dear all,

here is more about the so-called 'Welsche', about whom I
wrote a few weeks ago. The source is a German book of 1902
by one Adalbert Wrany (reference at my web site).

The "Wlschen" came to Bohemia till the 18th C for mining.
Their name is based on a romance word for people from
the Venetian area. Apparently, this should be understood to
mean that they could be from anywhere in Italy [I did not
capture the logic for that :-/].

One thing they are known for are the so-called "Walenbcher"
(Valesian books), reputedly from the 12th-13th century, which
only survive in later copies.
Probably the oldest surviving copy is the parchment Walenbuch
of Antonius de Medici (in the Breslauer Stadtbibliothek) of
1430. Reputedly very interesting is the the "Trautenauer" copy
from 1465 which is in possession [in 1902] of Prof. Joh. Bhm
in Budweis (Budvar). 
These books are mostly about fabulous ways for discovering gold
and precious stones.
These people also made mysterious marks in the mountains,
the oldest of which are dated to the 15th C.

It wouldn't be hard to imagine that one from these hordes of
people coming from Italy and with a penchant for old mysterious
books, was the 'bearer' of the MS, in which case we'd be stuck
with a pretty anonymous one... 

Cheers, 
        Rene

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Date: Sun, 30 Jul 2000 14:52:51 +0000
To: voynich@rand.org
From: Adam McLean <alchemy@dial.pipex.com>
Subject: Re: Cryptography of 1502 with Voynich resonances
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--=====================_964965171==_
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"


> Does this mean that the encryption by pairs of letters
> is what constitutes the nomenclator? If so, then I have
> always misunderstood its meaning (thinking that it meant
> the use of short code groups for entire words - important
> ones at that).


Sorry I should have posted on the 'nomenclateur' that Speziali
shows in his article. This is a list of trigrams found in the coded 
message with their meanings. I  have scanned it as a jpg and 
attach it to this message.

It appear that this was a list or dictionary necessary for the
decipherment of the message. Perhaps codes like these were
developed in which special identified words in the text were 
treated differently. Some words decoded using some sort of
substitution common in the period but others needed to be looked
up in a dictionary. Here it was trigrams. Perhaps it is some similar 
kind of mixed-method code that lies behind the Voynich, and that 
is why it seems impervious to the decoding methods tried so far. 
Without access  to the dictionary it will probably be almost 
impossible to decode it.  However, it may be that codes like the 
one found by Speziali are quite common and that their dictionary 
structures had sufficient similarities for someone to try to 
reconstruct the Voynich look-up table. It would need someone
to try and find examples of such dimplomatic codes of the early 
16th century. Surely someone, somewhere has done a Ph.D. on 
this.

Adam McLean
 

--=====================_964965171==_
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From jim@mail.rand.org  Sun Jul 30 18:45:20 2000
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Date: Sun, 30 Jul 2000 23:02:38 +0200
From: "Rafal T. Prinke" <rafalp@amu.edu.pl>
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To: rene@voynich.nu
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Subject: Re: Possibly interesting old (lost) books
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Rene Zandbergen wrote:

> here is more about the so-called 'Welsche', about whom I
> wrote a few weeks ago. The source is a German book of 1902
> by one Adalbert Wrany (reference at my web site).
> 
> The "Wlschen" came to Bohemia till the 18th C for mining.
> Their name is based on a romance word for people from
> the Venetian area. Apparently, this should be understood to
> mean that they could be from anywhere in Italy [I did not
> capture the logic for that :-/].

Wrany's ethymology seems wrong to me. They were treasure
seekers who originally came from Walonia (or whatever is
the original or English name for the ethnic group living
around Liege, with their own language/dialect). Later
there was also a wave of treasure seekers from Italy but
by then the term "walonian" became a common noun (just as
the term "Scot" became the name for a door-to-door salesman
in Polish because that was what Scottish 17th c. immigrants
usually did in Poland).

> One thing they are known for are the so-called "Walenbcher"
> (Valesian books), reputedly from the 12th-13th century, which
> only survive in later copies.
> Probably the oldest surviving copy is the parchment Walenbuch
> of Antonius de Medici (in the Breslauer Stadtbibliothek) of
> 1430. 

These books are kind of tourist guides for finding imaginary
treasures - but they were in in cypher. VMS certainly does not
look like one of those.

> These people also made mysterious marks in the mountains,
> the oldest of which are dated to the 15th C.

These are often alchemical/pharmaceutic symbols of metals
- but also some "road signs", telling others about possible
dangers etc.

> It wouldn't be hard to imagine that one from these hordes of
> people coming from Italy and with a penchant for old mysterious
> books, was the 'bearer' of the MS, in which case we'd be stuck
> with a pretty anonymous one...

In Rudolf II's times it became illegal to seek treasures
in the mountains without the emperor's privilage, so this
is not quite impossible. But as there were great numbers of
other Italians coming to Prague - including many intellectuals -
I would not consider the treasure-seekers seriously...

The Karkonosze/Riesengebirge mountains continue to attract
hobbyists collecting precious and semi-precious stones.
I washed some gold myself in the Gold Creek there some
12 years ago or so :-)  

Best regards,

Rafal
(having just arrived home from the mountains - without any treasure
except for aching muscles and that feeling of satisfaction)

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 31 04:01:46 2000
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Date: Sun, 30 Jul 2000 22:00:21 -1000
From: Brian Eric Farnell <bfarnell@gte.net>
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To: Adam McLean <alchemy@dial.pipex.com>, Voynich List <voynich@rand.org>
Subject: Re: Cryptography of 1502 with Voynich resonances
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There is an old 'IBM syllable code' that predates me, but is
still in use.  It is used (the only example I know) for
Mandarin, which is probably very different in nature to whatever
the language Voynich is in.  However, since there is a fine line
in Mandarin between 'words' and 'syllables', a text written in
this code might be interesting to analyze, a sentence on a
syllable by syllable basis in Mandarin may mathematically
correspond (somewhat) to a similar level analyses of a western
language.  I don't know where to find documents encoded this
way, but they are probably still in existence.  There may even
be software out there for converting to IBM syllable code, as
this method is still used for inputting Chinese on popular
software.  Unfortunately there are less than 230 syllables in
Mandarin, as opposed to more 'sound rich' Western languages. 
Each syllable is given a digraph to make it computer friendly. 
I'll look for texts in this format or conversion programs.  It's
not a perfect language for comparison (probably) but it would
allow us to evaluate some of the characteristics of that sort of
code (especially LSC).  If this is the same sort of code, the
work used to find similar instances (especially ones of usable
length) and make them computer readable would be immense.  Using
IBM syllable code documents already in existence, or created to
use as a suitable comparison would save huge amounts of time. 
There might be other examples of IBM syllable code in use for
western languages with alphabets that fall into non-standard
ASCII, though I doubt it.  However I have seen the same sort of
need result in an identical approach for place names.
Regards,
Brian

Adam McLean wrote:
> 
> > Does this mean that the encryption by pairs of letters
> > is what constitutes the nomenclator? If so, then I have
> > always misunderstood its meaning (thinking that it meant
> > the use of short code groups for entire words - important
> > ones at that).
> 
> Sorry I should have posted on the 'nomenclateur' that Speziali
> shows in his article. This is a list of trigrams found in the coded
> message with their meanings. I  have scanned it as a jpg and
> attach it to this message.
> 
> It appear that this was a list or dictionary necessary for the
> decipherment of the message. Perhaps codes like these were
> developed in which special identified words in the text were
> treated differently. Some words decoded using some sort of
> substitution common in the period but others needed to be looked
> up in a dictionary. Here it was trigrams. Perhaps it is some similar
> kind of mixed-method code that lies behind the Voynich, and that
> is why it seems impervious to the decoding methods tried so far.
> Without access  to the dictionary it will probably be almost
> impossible to decode it.  However, it may be that codes like the
> one found by Speziali are quite common and that their dictionary
> structures had sufficient similarities for someone to try to
> reconstruct the Voynich look-up table. It would need someone
> to try and find examples of such dimplomatic codes of the early
> 16th century. Surely someone, somewhere has done a Ph.D. on
> this.
> 
> Adam McLean
> 
> 
>   ----------------------------------------------------------------
>                     Name: speziali2.jpg
>    speziali2.jpg    Type: JPEG Image (image/jpeg)
>                 Encoding: base64
> 
>   ----------------------------------------------------------------
> ----------------------
> alchemy@dial.pipex.com
> Web site:  http://www.levity.com/alchemy/home.html
> Alchemy Web bookstore:  http://www.alchemy.dial.pipex.com
> Paintings: http://www.alchemy.dial.pipex.com/paintings

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 31 07:12:55 2000
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Message-ID: <39855F4D.BBD5A18D@alphalink.com.au>
Date: Mon, 31 Jul 2000 11:13:17 +0000
From: Jacques Guy <jguy@alphalink.com.au>
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To: voynich@rand.org
Subject: Re: Possibly interesting old (lost) books
References: <3983E059.C2080061@voynich.nu>
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Rene Zandbergen wrote:
 
> here is more about the so-called 'Welsche'


There has just been a discussion on sci.lang
about Vlach, which turned out to be Welsh,
which turned out to be nothing more than
"foreigner". Once, Donald Laycock turned up
with an ancient handbook of Welsh. The handbook
was in English, the language "Welsh". We both
turned out to know Welsh: it was... a handbook
of Italian! (From around the mid 17th century
if I remember correctly).

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 31 08:28:02 2000
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Message-ID: <39857078.B71A76B8@voynich.nu>
Date: Mon, 31 Jul 2000 12:26:32 +0000
From: Rene Zandbergen <rene@voynich.nu>
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Jacques wrote:

> There has just been a discussion on sci.lang
> about Vlach, which turned out to be Welsh,
> which turned out to be nothing more than
> "foreigner". Once, Donald Laycock turned up
> with an ancient handbook of Welsh. The handbook
> was in English, the language "Welsh". We both
> turned out to know Welsh: it was... a handbook
> of Italian! (From around the mid 17th century
> if I remember correctly).

Hmmm, this gets interesting. In the preface to 'The
alchemical writings of Edward Kelly', A.E.Waite
writes about the MS found by Kelly (translated back
from the French translation):
'He immediately saw not only that the text was written
in old Welsh (6), but also that it dealt with the 
transmutation of metals'.
And note 6:
'Apart from the imagination of Mr. Figuier, we have
no reason to believe that the MS was written in Welsh'.

(Those who can read French:
 http://myweb.worldnet.net/~atluigi/alchimie/kelly/introwaite.html
)
So, even if it was in Welsh, which "kind" of Welsh?
Was Kelly's discovery in fact a Walenbuch?

Cheers, Rene

PS: the confusion is even greater. In French, Wales is
'Pays de Galles', country of Gauls. One of the prominent
Gaulish tribes in Caesar's days were the Veneti.... :-)

From jim@mail.rand.org  Mon Jul 31 17:41:53 2000
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From: RSRICHMOND@aol.com
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Message-ID: <f8.15f2e7d.26b74bcd@aol.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Jul 2000 17:38:21 EDT
Subject: Somali text
To: voynich@rand.org
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Hi Voynichers!

Here's a Web site that will provide you a continuing source of Roman alphabet 
Somali text. This African language has had no written form until fairly 
recently.

http://www.qaran.freeserve.co.uk/Xayeesiin.htm

Sample:

Isbitaalka oo ah mid bulshadu ay leedahay ayaa wuxuu dadweynaha uga baahan
 yahay taageero niyadeed iyo mid dhaqaale intaba, sidaas darteed ganacsatada
 Soomaaliyeed ee deeqsiyiinta u ah danaha bulshada, ugaasyada, 
indheergaratada,
 culumaaudiinka iyo Jaaliyadaha Soomaaliyeed ee dibadaha ku noolba waxaa 
loogu
 baaqayaa inay gacan ka geystaan sidii isbitaalku howshiisa u gudan lahaa. 
Isbitaalku
 wuxuu aqbalayaa soona dhaweynayaa wax kasta oo loogu tabarruco haddii ay
 tahay lacag, qalab, cunto, shidaal iyo wixii la mid ah.

Bob Richmond
Knoxville, Tennessee USA

From reeds Mon Jul 31 22:08:39 2000
From: reeds@fry.research.att.com (Jim Reeds)
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Date: Mon, 31 Jul 2000 22:08:39 -0400
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To: voynich@rand.org
Subject: Denis Mardle
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Status: OR

Sad news, gang:

I just learned today that Denis Mardle, the elderly British
member of the VMS list, has died.  Mardle was the host of the
June 1998 "Second British" VMS meeting, where I met (among others)
him and Gabriel Landini for the first time.  

Mardle was full of enthusiasm and energy, much hampered by 
confinement to a wheel chair: alert, curious, encouraging,
friendly, somewhat dictatorial in manner (as befitted his age
and infirmity), obviously full of stories and ideas, obviously
frustrated because he could not carry out a fraction of what he
had planned in regards to the Voynich manuscript.  

The Voynich manuscript has lost a good friend; I believe I have, 
too.  I'll miss him, as I'm sure all who met him will, as well.

Jim

-- 
Jim Reeds, AT&T Labs - Research
Shannon Laboratory, Room C229, Building 103
180 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, USA

reeds@research.att.com, phone: +1 973 360 8414, fax: +1 973 360 8178

