<ref name=suitxxxx>{{cite web | url = https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/flashdrives.pdf | title = Order Granting Motion to Dismiss | publisher = [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]] | access-date = 2020-01-24 }}</ref>

<ref name=sand2021>See also Dinan v. SanDisk LLC, No. 20-15287 (9th Cir. Feb. 11, 2021) https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16989791406584358656</ref>

<ref name=NIST1>{{cite web | url=http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html | title = SI prefixes |author=<!--Not stated--> | website = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: International System of Units (SI) | publisher = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] | access-date = 2017-04-03}}</ref>

<ref name=frev1795>{{cite web |title=La Loi Du 18 Germinal An 3: Décision de tracer le mètre, unité fondamentale, sur une règle de platine. Nomenclature des " mesures républicaines ". Reprise de la triangulation. |language=fr |trans-title=The Law of 18 [[Germinal (month)|Germinal]], Year 3: Decision to draw the fundamental unit metre on a platinum ruler. Nomenclature of "Republican measures". Resumption of the triangulation. |work=L'Histoire Du Mètre [The history of the metre] |publisher=histoire.du.metre.free.fr |url=http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/Pages/Sommaire/06.htm |access-date=2015-10-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126164814/http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/Pages/Sommaire/06.htm |archive-date=2022-11-26 |quote=Art. 8. Dans les poids et mesures de capacité, chacune des mesures décimales de ces deux genres aura son double et sa moitié, afin de donner à la vente des divers objets toute la commodité que l'on peut désirer. Il y aura donc le double-litre et le demi-litre, le double-hectogramme et le demi-hectogramme, et ainsi des autres. |trans-quote=Art. 8. In the weights and measures of capacity, each of the decimal measures of these two kinds will have its double and its half, in order to give to the sale of the various articles all the convenience that one can desire. There will therefore be the double-litre and the half-litre, the double-hectogram and the half-hectogram, and so on.}}</ref>

<ref name=weik1961>{{cite journal |title = A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems: Chapter III Analysis and Trends |quote = Of 187 different relevant systems, 131 utilize a straight binary system internally, whereas 53 utilize the decimal system (primarily binary coded decimal) and 3 systems utilize a binary coded alphanumeric system of notation. |journal = Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 1115 | first = Martin H. |last = Weik |date=March 1961 |page = 1027 |url = http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61analysis.html#STORAGE }} This lengthy report describes many of the early computers.</ref>

<ref name=blais1930>Hunting Trouble on 28 Megacycles, A. L. Blais, QST, January 1930.</ref>

<ref name= real1959>{{Cite journal | last = Real | first = P. | title = A generalized analysis of variance program utilizing binary logic. | journal = ACM '59: Preprints of Papers Presented at the 14th National Meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery | pages = 78–1–78–5 |date=September 1959 | doi = 10.1145/612201.612294 | publisher = ACM Press | s2cid = 14701651 | quote = On a 32K core size 704 computer, approximately {{val|28000}} data may be analyzed, ... without resorting to auxiliary tape storage.}} Note: the IBM 704 core memory units had 4096 36-bit words. Up to {{val|32768}} words could be installed</ref>

<ref name= gruen1960>{{Cite journal | last1 =Gruenberger | first1 =Fred | title =Letters to the Editor | journal =Communications of the ACM | volume =3 | issue =10 |date=October 1960 | doi = 10.1145/367415.367419 | last2 =Burgess | first2 =C. R. | last3 =Gruenberger | first3 =Fred| s2cid =3199685 }} "The 8K core stores were getting fairly common in this country in 1954. The 32K store started mass production in 1956; it is the standard now for large machines and at least 200 machines of the size (or its equivalent in the character addressable machines) are in existence today (and at least 100 were in existence in mid-1959)." Note: The [[IBM 1401]] was a character addressable computer.</ref>

<ref name=amda1964>{{Cite journal | last =Amdahl | first = Gene M. | author-link = Gene Amdahl | title = Architecture of the IBM System/360 | journal =IBM Journal of Research and Development | volume =8 | issue =2 | publisher = IBM | year = 1964 | url = http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/amdahl.pdf | doi = 10.1147/rd.82.0087 | pages=87–101}} Figure 1 gives storage (memory) capacity ranges of the various models in "Capacity 8-bit bytes, 1 K = 1024"</ref>

<ref name= "CDC7600">{{Cite book | author = Control Data Corporation | title = Control Data 7600 Computer System: Preliminary System Description |date=November 1968 | url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/CDC/CDC.7600.1968.102646087.pdf |quote = One type, designated as the small core memory (SCM) is a many bank coincident current type memory with a total of 64K words of 60 bit length (K=1024). }}</ref>

<ref name=CDC1967>{{Cite book |author = Control Data Corporation |title = Control Data 6400/6500/6600 Computer Systems Reference Manual |year = 1965–1967 |pages = 2–1 |edition = Pub No. 60100000 |url = http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CDC-6600-R-M.html#TOC/ |quote = Central Memory is organized into 32K, 65K, or 131K words (60-bit) in 8, 16, or 32 banks of 4096 words each. |access-date = 2013-11-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194752/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CDC-6600-R-M.html#TOC/ |archive-date = 2014-01-02 }}</ref>

<ref name=frank1974>{{Cite journal |last         = Frankenberg |first        = Robert |title        = All Semiconductor Memory Selected for New Minicomputer Series |journal      = Hewlett-Packard Journal |volume       = 26 |issue        = 2 |pages        = 15–20 |publisher    = Hewlett-Packard |date         = October 1974 |url          = http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1974-10.pdf |access-date  = 2007-06-18 |quote        = 196K-word memory size |archive-date = 2007-11-29 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071129060208/http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1974-10.pdf |url-status   = dead }}</ref>

<ref name=HP1973>{{Cite journal | last = Hewlett-Packard | title =HP 3000 Configuration Guide | journal = HP 3000 Computer System and Subsystem Data | page = 59 |date = November 1973 | url = http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/hp/3000/hp3000/5952-4500_optionsBrochure_Nov73.pdf |access-date=2010-01-22}}</ref>

<ref name=horak2008>{{cite book|title=Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary|author=Ray Horak|page=271|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2008|isbn=9780471774570|quote=In computing and storage systems, a kB (kiloByte) is actually 1,024 (2^10) bytes, since the measurement is based on a base 2, or binary, number system. The term kB comes from the fact that 1,024 is nominally, or approximately, 1,000.}}</ref>

<ref name=dodd1997>{{cite book |title=The ACS style guide: a manual for authors and editors|author=Janet S. Dodd|page=124|publisher=[[American Chemical Society]]|year=1997|isbn=9780841234611|quote=kB (kilobyte; actually 1024 bytes) KB (kilobyte; kB is preferred)}}</ref>

<ref name=laver1989>{{cite book |title=Information Technology: Agent of Change|author=F. J. M. Laver|date=11 May 1989|page=35|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521350358|quote=when describing the performance of IT systems the larger units 'kilobytes' (kB) [...] Strictly speaking, k means the 'binary thousand' 1024}}</ref>

<ref name=liny1972>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin |first1=Yeong |title=Cost-performance evaluation of memory hierarchies |journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=390–392 |publisher=IEEE |date=September 1972 |quote=Also, random access devices are advantageous over serial access devices for backing store applications only when the memory capacity is less than 1&nbsp;Mbyte. For capacities of 4&nbsp;Mbyte and 16&nbsp;Mbyte serial access stores with shift register lengths of 256 bit and 1024 bit, respectively, look favorable. |doi=10.1109/TMAG.1972.1067329 |last2=Mattson |first2=R. |bibcode=1972ITM.....8..390L}}</ref>

<ref name=IBM1972>{{Cite book | last =IBM| title = System/370 Model 158 brochure | publisher = IBM | year = 1972 | url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/IBM.370Mod158.1972.102646258.pdf | quote = All-monolithic storage ... (1024-bit NMOS) This new improvement of processor storage makes system expansion more economical. Real storage capacity is available in 512K increments ranging from 512K to 2,048K bytes. | id =  G520-261871 }}</ref>

<ref name=bell1975>{{Cite journal | last = Bell | first = Gordon | title = Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11? | journal = ISCA '76: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture | pages = 1–14 | publisher = ACM Press |date=November 1975 | url = http://research.microsoft.com/~gbell/Digital/Bell_Strecker_What_we%20_learned_fm_PDP-11c%207511.pdf | doi = 10.1145/800110.803541 | s2cid = 14496112 | quote = memory size (8k bytes to 4 megabytes). }}</ref>

<ref name=IBMb2003>{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_350.html |work=IBM Archives |title=IBM 350 disk storage unit |author=IBM Corporation|date=23 January 2003 }}</ref>

<ref name=IBM1956>IBM invented the disk drive in 1956 and until the late 1960s its drives and their clones were dominant. See, e.g. [http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/1980.htm US vs. IBM antitrust litigation (Jan 1969)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507065825/http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/1980.htm |date=7 May 2008 }}, especially IBM analyses of Memorex and other disk drive companies.</ref>

<ref name=CDC1974>The [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/discs/brochures/ProductLine_Oct74.pdf CDC Product Line Card] unambiguously uses MB to characterize HDD capacity in millions of bytes</ref>

<ref name=RDD1977>1977 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, published June 1977</ref>

<ref name=seag1982>{{cite book |url = http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/seagate/disks/Seagate%20ST412%20OEM%20Manual%201982.pdf |title = ST506/412 OEM Manual |author = Seagate Corporation |date = April 1982 |page = 3 |access-date = 2016-09-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161008003923/http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/seagate/disks/Seagate%20ST412%20OEM%20Manual%201982.pdf |archive-date = 2016-10-08 }}</ref>

<ref name=CSN1984>IBM Tells MiniScribe It Is Cutting Back On Winchester Orders, Computer System News, 1 Jan 1984, p. 1</ref>

<ref name=mall2011>{{cite web|last=Mellor |first=Chris |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/04/06/oldest_seagate_drive_in_uk/ |title=It's the oldest working Seagate drive in the UK |publisher=Theregister.co.uk |date=2011-04-06 |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name=seaga2011> [http://www.seagate.com/staticfiles/support/docs/manual/enterprise/seag2011/10K.5/100628561d.pdf Seagate Seag2011 10K.5 SAS Product Manual], 100628561, Rev D, March 2011, sec 5.2.3, p. 10 (18th page of the pdf), states the drive's sustained transfer speed as "89 to 160 [[MiB]]/s" on one line, and "93 to 168&nbsp;MB/s" on the next line.</ref>

<ref name=seag2010>{{cite web|title=Marketing Bulletin: Advanced Format 4K Sector Transition Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/mb604_4k_transition_faq.pdf|publisher=[[Seagate Technology]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715030704/http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/mb604_4k_transition_faq.pdf|archive-date=15 July 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=hita2007>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,128400-page,1/article.html |title=Hitachi Introduces 1-Terabyte Hard Drive |work=PC World |date=2007-01-04 |access-date=2010-02-04 |archive-date=2007-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112044932/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,128400-page,1/article.html }}</ref>

<ref name=ansi1986>{{Cite book|date=30 October 1986 |quote=kilo (K). (1) A prefix indicating 1000. (2) In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating 2<sup>10</sup>, or 1024. mega (M). (1) A prefix indicating one million. (2) In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating 2<sup>20</sup>, or 1048576. |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.1986.79649 |isbn=0-7381-4541-6 |title=IEEE Standard Glossary of Mathematics of Computing Terminology }}</ref>

<ref name=ieee1992>{{Cite book|date=22 July 1992 |quote=Kbyte. Kilobyte. Indicates 2<sup>10</sup> bytes. Mbyte. Megabyte. Indicates 2<sup>20</sup>bytes. Gbyte is used in the Foreword. |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.1992.106981 |isbn=0-7381-4336-7 |title=IEEE Standard Control and Status Register (CSR) Architecture for Microcomputer Buses }}</ref>

<ref name=webster>{{cite web|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Megabyte|title=Definition of megabyte|website=M-w.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=metadict>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Megabyte|title=Definitions of Megabyte|website=Dictionary.reference.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=oxford>{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/megabyte?view=uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525164142/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/megabyte?view=uk|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2005|title=AskOxford: megabyte|website=Askoxford.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name= ieee1994>{{Cite book | date=24 June 1994 | quote= gigabyte (gig, GB). This term may mean either a) {{val|1000000000}} bytes or b) 2<sup>30</sup> bytes. ... As used in this document, the terms kilobyte (kB) means 2<sup>10</sup> or 1024 bytes, megabyte (MB) means 1024 kilobytes, and gigabyte (GB) means 1024 megabytes.|doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.1995.79522 |isbn=1-55937-492-6 | title=IEEE Standard Glossary of Computer Hardware Terminology }}</ref>

<ref name=ieee2000>{{Cite book|author=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |title=100-2000 |author-link=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |publisher=IEEE Computer Society Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7381-2601-2 |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2000.322230 |url=https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79391 }} "kB See kilobyte." "Kbyte Kilobyte. Indicates 2<sup>10</sup> bytes." "Kilobyte Either 1000 or 2<sup>10</sup> or 1024 bytes." The standard also defines megabyte and gigabyte with a note that an alternative notation for base 2 is under development.</ref>

<ref name=IBMc2003>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2075.html |title=System/360 Model 75 |publisher=[[IBM]]|access-date=2015-03-10|work=IBM Archives|date=23 January 2003 |quote=up to 1,048,576 characters of information}}</ref>

<ref name=apple1984>Apple [[Macintosh]] which began using "KB" in a binary sense to report HDD capacity beginning 1984.</ref>

<ref name=wdc2007>{{cite web | url = http://www.wdc.com/en/products/Products.asp?DriveID=301 | title = WD Caviar SE16 SATA Hard Drives | work = Western Digital: Products | publisher = [[Western Digital Corporation]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070902080558/http://www.wdc.com/en/products/products.asp?driveid=301 | archive-date = 2007-09-02 }}</ref>

<ref name=flash2016>{{cite web | url = http://forum.corsair.com/v3/showthread.php?t=33071 | title = Jack Flash F.A.Q. | publisher = [[Corsair Gaming|Corsair]] | access-date = 2014-06-20 | quote = [...] the industry-standard definition of a megabyte (MByte) for flash devices is one million (1,000,000) bytes, where the operating system uses two to the twentieth power, or 1,048,576 bytes. Similarly, for a gigabyte (GByte), the number is 1,000,000,000 and 1,073,741,824 respectively. | archive-date = 2016-03-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080304/http://forum.corsair.com/v3/showthread.php?t=33071 }}</ref>

<ref name=sand2013>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandisk.com/media/416788/80-11-01707_rev1_datasheet_ultracf_r1.pdf |title=SanDisk Ultra® CompactFlash® cards |publisher=[[SanDisk Corporation]] |access-date=2014-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810032314/http://www.sandisk.com/media/416788/80-11-01707_rev1_datasheet_ultracf_r1.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-10 }}</ref>

<ref name=vreo2005>{{cite web|date=10 March 2005 |url=https://www.pddocs.com/FlashMemory/Documents/Vroegh%20Third%20Amended%20Complaint.pdf |title=Vreogh Third Amended Complaint (Case No. GCG-04-428953) |work=pddocs.com |publisher=Poorman-Douglas Corporation |access-date=2007-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309143513/https://www.pddocs.com/FlashMemory/Documents/Vroegh%20Third%20Amended%20Complaint.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name=sand2012>{{cite web |title=Why is the capacity of my Secure Digital memory card (as reported by many operating systems) different than the capacity that is listed on its label? |url=http://www.sandisk.com/Assets/Categories/Products/sd_capacitydisclaimer.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413100902/http://www.sandisk.com/Assets/Categories/Products/sd_capacitydisclaimer.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2012|date=13 April 2012|website=Sandisk.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=safi2007>{{cite web|last=Safier |first=Seth A. |url=https://www.pddocs.com/FlashMemory/faq.aspx |title=Frequently Asked Questions |work=Flash Memory Settlement |publisher=Poorman-Douglas Corporation |access-date=2007-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013731/https://www.pddocs.com/FlashMemory/faq.aspx |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name=gutr2006>{{cite web | last = Gutride | first = Adam | author2 = Seth A. Safier | date = 29 March 2006 | url = http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/complaint.htm | title = Class Action Complaint | work = Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation | publisher = [[Western Digital Corporation]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016171124/http://wdc.com/settlement/docs/complaint.htm | archive-date = 16 October 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name=zimm2006>{{cite web | last = Zimmerman | first = Bernard | year = 2006 | url = http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/longform.htm | title = Notice of Class Action and Proposed Settlement | work = Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation | publisher = [[Western Digital Corporation]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070922234210/http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/longform.htm | archive-date = 2007-09-22 }}</ref>

<ref name=betaxxxx>{{cite web|url=http://www.betanews.com/article/Western_Digital_Settles_Capacity_Suit/1151510648|title=Western Digital Settles Capacity Suit|website=Betanews.com|access-date=30 December 2017|date=28 June 2006}} </ref>

<ref name=reim2006>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/old/content/2006/06/7174.ars |title=Western Digital settles drive size lawsuit |author=Jeremy Reimer |date=2006-06-30 |publisher=Ars Technica LLC |access-date=2010-02-10 }}</ref>

<ref name=wdc2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/longform.htm |title=NOTICE OF CLASS ACTION AND PROPOSED SETTLEMENT ("NOTICE") |author=Western Digital Corporation |year=2006 |access-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507132711/http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/longform.htm |archive-date=2010-05-07 }}</ref>

<ref name=bask2006>{{cite web | last = Baskin | first = Scott D. | date = 1 February 2006 | url = http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/document20.htm | title = "Defendant Western Digital Corporation's Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Approval" | work = ''Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation'' | publisher = [[Western Digital Corporation]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 }}</ref>

<ref name=seagb2011>{{cite web | url = http://www.harddrive-settlement.com | title = Settlement Website for Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc. | access-date = 2011-04-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190118155341/http://www.harddrive-settlement.com/ | archive-date = 18 January 2019 }}</ref>

<ref name=suitbxxxx>{{cite web | url = https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/flashdrives.pdf | title = Order Granting Motion to Dismiss | publisher = [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]] | access-date = 2020-01-24 }}</ref>

<ref name=iec1>A '''binary prefix''' is a prefix that denotes a power of 1024. For example, in the computer industry's customary practice, one "megabyte" of RAM is 1024<sup>2</sup> bytes of RAM, one "gigabyte" of RAM is 1024<sup>3</sup> bytes of RAM, and so on. In the IEC system, these would be expressed as one "mebibyte" and one "gibibyte", respectively. Both are "binary prefixes" in these usages.</ref>

<ref name=morr1968>{{Cite journal |title=Letters to the editor: Abbreviations for computer and memory sizes |author= Donald R. Morrison, [[Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia Corporation]] |journal= Communications of the ACM |volume=11 |issue=3 |date=March 1968 |page=150 |doi=10.1145/362929.362962|s2cid= 22934466 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=give1968>{{Cite journal |title=Letters to the editor: proposed abbreviation for 1024: bK |author= Wallace Givens, Applied National Lab |journal= Communications of the ACM |volume=11 |issue=6 |date=June 1968 |page=391 |doi=10.1145/363347.363351|s2cid= 22205692 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=mart1968>{{cite journal | title=Letters to the editor: On binary notation | first=Bruce Alan | last=Martin | publisher=[[Associated Universities Inc.]] | journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] | volume=11 | issue=10 | date=October 1968 | page=658 | doi=10.1145/364096.364107| s2cid=28248410 }}</ref>

<ref name=schw1993>{{cite book|title=HP16C Emulator Library for the HP48S/SX|first1=Jake|last1=Schwartz|first2=Rick|last2=Grevelle|date=2003-10-20|orig-date=1993<!-- 1993-04 -->|edition=1|version=1.20|url=http://www.pahhc.org/mul8r.htm|access-date=2015-08-15}}</ref>

<ref name=kuhn1996>{{cite web |url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/information-units.txt |title=Standardized units for use in information technology |author-first=Markus |author-last=Kuhn|author-link=Markus Kuhn (computer scientist) |date=29 December 1996}} </ref>

<ref name=knuth2016>''[https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/fasc1.ps.gz The Art of Computer Programming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014709/http://www-cs-staff.stanford.edu/~knuth/fasc1.ps.gz |date=2016-03-05 }}'' Volume 1, [[Donald Knuth]], pp. 24 and 94</ref>

<ref name=knuth1999>{{cite web|url=https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/news99.html |title=Knuth: Recent News (1999) |publisher=Cs-staff.stanford.edu |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name=iecpref>The term '''IEC binary prefix''' or '''IEC prefix''' refers to the prefixes such as kibi, mebi, gibi, etc., or their corresponding symbols Ki, Mi, Gi, etc., first adopted by the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC). Such prefixes are commonly used with the units bits or bytes (or less commonly, compound units derived from them such as bytes/second) and always denote powers of 1024; that is, they are always used as binary prefixes. Thus 1 mebibyte of RAM is 1024<sup>2</sup> bytes of RAM, one gibibyte or 1&nbsp;GiB of RAM is 1024<sup>3</sup> bytes, and so on.</ref>

<ref name=iucr1995>{{cite web |title=IUCr annual report for 1995 |publisher=[[International Union of Crystallography]] |author=IUCr IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS) |type=Report |date=1997-02-13 |orig-date=1995 |url=http://ww1.iucr.org/cexec/rep95/idcns.htm |access-date=2012-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827091437/http://ww1.iucr.org/cexec/rep95/idcns.htm |archive-date=2009-08-27}}</ref>

<ref name=iucr1996>{{cite web |title=(IUCr) 1996 Report - IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS) |type=Report |publisher=[[International Union of Crystallography]] |date=1997-02-14 |orig-date=1996 |url=http://www.chester.iucr.org/iucr-top/cexec/rep96/idcns.htm |access-date=2012-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613121942/http://www.chester.iucr.org/iucr-top/cexec/rep96/idcns.htm |archive-date=2013-06-13}}</ref>

<ref name=barr1997>{{cite journal |author-first=Bruce |author-last=Barrow |title=A Lesson in Megabytes |journal=IEEE Standards Bearer |volume=11 |date=January 1997 |orig-date=1996 |publisher=[[IEEE]] |page=5 |url=https://www.thierry-lequeu.fr/data/PELS/Comm/Publications/Newsletter/9704/STORY18.HTML |access-date=2022-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528124411/https://www.thierry-lequeu.fr/data/PELS/Comm/Publications/Newsletter/9704/STORY18.HTML |archive-date=2022-05-28}}</ref>

<ref name=iec1999>"These prefixes for binary multiples, which were developed by IEC Technical Committee (TC) 25, Quantities and units, and their letter symbols, with the strong support of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the IEEE, were adopted by the IEC as Amendment 2 to IEC International Standard IEC 60027-2: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics."</ref>

<ref name=iucr1999>{{cite journal|url=http://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/2000/06/00/es0288/es0288bdy.html#SEC15.1 |title=IUCR 1999 report on IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography |date=November 2000 |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=609–642 |publisher=Journals.iucr.org |doi=10.1107/S0108767300012873 |pmid=11058849 |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name=IEC2000>IEC 60027-2 (2000-11) Ed. 2.0 </ref>

<ref name=thor2000>{{Cite journal |title=Prefixes for binary multiples |author=A.J.Thor |journal=Metrologia |year=2000 |volume=37 |issue=81 |url=http://ej.iop.org/links/rDo33k,Nb/lrUHtuYE3BGiff6cav5vpA/me0112.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ej.iop.org/links/rDo33k,Nb/lrUHtuYE3BGiff6cav5vpA/me0112.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |doi=10.1088/0026-1394/37/1/12 |page=81 |bibcode=2000Metro..37...81T |s2cid=250774728 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=iec2005>{{cite press release|date=2005-08-15 |title=HERE COME ZEBI AND YOBI |publisher=International Electrotechnical Commission |url=http://www.iec.ch/news_centre/release/nr2005/nr2005.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070611071833/http://www.iec.ch/news_centre/release/nr2005/nr2005.htm |archive-date=11 June 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name=niso2008>{{cite web |url=http://www.niso.org/publications/newsline/2008/newslinemay2008.htm#Spec4 |title=niso, New Specs and Standards |publisher=Niso.org |access-date=2012-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208131408/http://www.niso.org/publications/newsline/2008/newslinemay2008.htm#Spec4 |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

<ref name=jcgm2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2012.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2012.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=International vocabulary of metrology - Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)|edition=3rd|website=Bipm.org|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=BIPM2022>{{cite web |title=List of Resolutions for the 27th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures |url=https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/64811223/Resolutions-2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118153958/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/64811223/Resolutions-2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-11-18 |url-status=live |date=2022-11-18 |access-date=2022-11-18 }}</ref>

<ref name=gibn2022>{{cite journal |title=How many yottabytes in a quettabyte? Extreme numbers get new names |author-last=Gibney |author-first=Elizabeth |date=2022-11-18 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-03747-9 |pmid=36400954 |s2cid=253671538 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03747-9 |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>

<ref name=brown2023>{{cite journal |title=A further short history of the SI prefixes |journal=[[Metrologia]] |department=Letter to the editor |author-first=Richard J. C. |author-last=Brown |date=2023 |orig-date=2022-02-08, 2022-04-01, 2022-11-24 |volume=60 |issue=1 |page=013001 |publisher=[[BIPM]] & [[IOP Publishing Ltd]] |id=013001 |doi=10.1088/1681-7575/ac6afd |bibcode=2023Metro..60a3001B |s2cid=253966045 |doi-access=free }} (1+4 pages)</ref>

<ref name=brown2022>{{cite journal |title=Reply to 'Facing a shortage of the Latin letters for the prospective new SI symbols: alternative proposal for the new SI prefixes' |author-last=Brown |author-first=Richard J. C. |date=2022-04-27 |journal={{ill|Accreditation and Quality Assurance|de}} |volume=27 |issue= 3|pages=143–144 |doi=10.1007/s00769-022-01499-7|s2cid=248397680 }}</ref>

<ref name=NISTbin>[http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty]</ref>

<ref name=NIST2>{{cite web | url = http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html | title = International System of Units (SI): Prefixes for binary multiples | work = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty | publisher = [[National Institute of Science and Technology]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 }}</ref>

<ref name=taylo2008>{{Cite book |author=Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed. |title=The International System of Units (SI) |url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf |access-date=2010-04-27 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |location=Gaithersburg, MD |page=29 |year=2008 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225010952/https://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name=jedec2021>{{cite web|title=mega (M) (as a prefix to units of semiconductor storage capacity)|url=http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/dictionary/terms/mega-m-prefix-units-semiconductor-storage-capacity|website=JEDEC - Global Standards for the Microelectronics Industry|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name=JEDEC2014>{{cite book | title = Low Power Double Data Rate 4 (LPDDR4) JESD209-4 | publisher = JEDEC Solid State Technology Association | date = August 2014 | page = 7 | url = http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/results/jesd79-4%20ddr4 | quote = These devices contain the following number of bits: 4Gb has 4,294,967,296 bits ... 32Gb has 34,359,738,368 bits}} Free registration required to download the standard.</ref>

<ref name=IEEE2003>{{Cite book|doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94236 |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=8450 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014151530/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?reload=true&punumber=8450 |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2007-07-29 |date=12 February 2003 |version=Reaffirmed 27 March 2008 |quote=This standard is prepared with two goals in mind: (1) to preserve the SI prefixes as unambiguous decimal multipliers and (2) to provide alternative prefixes for those cases where binary multipliers are needed. The first goal affects the general public, the wide audience of technical and nontechnical persons who use computers without much concern for their construction or inner working. These persons will normally interpret kilo, mega, etc., in their proper decimal sense. The second goal speaks to specialists – the prefixes for binary multiples make it possible for persons who work in the information sciences to communicate with precision. |isbn=978-0-7381-3385-0 |title=1541-2002 }}</ref>

<ref name=IEEE2005>{{cite web|url=http://standards.ieee.org/board/rev/305agenda.html |title=IEEE-SA Standards Board Standards Review Committee (RevCom) Meeting Agenda |access-date=2007-02-25 |date=2005-03-19 |quote='''1541-2002''' (SCC14) IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Prefixes for Binary Multiples ''[No negative comments received during trial-use period, which is now complete; Sponsor requests elevation of status to full-use.]'' <u>Recommendation</u>: Elevate status of standard from trial-use to full-use. Editorial staff will be notified to implement the necessary changes. The standard will be due for a maintenance action in 2007. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922215418/http://standards.ieee.org/board/rev/305agenda.html |archive-date=22 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name=walli2008>{{Cite journal |last=Wallich |first=Paul |title=Tools & toys: Hacking the Nokia N800 |journal=IEEE Spectrum |volume=45 |issue=4 |page=25 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4476441 |s2cid=20129812 }} ''"A lot can happen in a decade. You can hold the Nokia N800 in your hand, yet it's a near-exact match for a high-end desktop PC from 10 years ago. It has a 320-megahertz processor, 128 megabytes of RAM, and a few gigabytes of available mass storage."''</ref>

<ref name=BIPM8web>{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/prefixes.html |title=BIPM – SI prefixes|website=Bipm.org|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=BIPM8>{{Cite book |title=The International System of Units (SI) |chapter-url=http://www1.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813144253/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8.pdf |archive-date=2006-08-13 |url-status=live |access-date=2007-02-25 |edition=8th |year=2006 |publisher=STEDI Media |location=Paris |language=fr, en |isbn=978-92-822-2213-3 |page=127 |chapter=§3.1 SI prefixes |quote=[Side note:] These SI prefixes refer strictly to powers of 10. They should not be used to indicate powers of 2 (for example, one kilobit represents 1000 bits and not 1024 bits). The IEC has adopted prefixes for binary powers in the international standard IEC 60027-2: 2005, third edition, ''Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics''. The names and symbols for the prefixes corresponding to 2<sup>10</sup>, 2<sup>20</sup>, 2<sup>30</sup>, 2<sup>40</sup>, 2<sup>50</sup>, and 2<sup>60</sup> are, respectively: kibi, Ki; mebi, Mi; gibi, Gi; tebi, Ti; pebi, Pi; and exbi, Ei. Thus, for example, one kibibyte would be written: 1&nbsp;KiB = 2<sup>10</sup>&nbsp;B = 1024&nbsp;B, where B denotes a byte. Although these prefixes are not part of the SI, they should be used in the field of information technology to avoid the incorrect usage of the SI prefixes. |author=Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.}}</ref>

<ref name=SAE2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/tsb003.pdf#page=33 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/tsb003.pdf#page=33 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|format=PDF|title=Rules for SAE Use of SI (Metric) Units] – Section C.1.12 – SI prefixes|website=Sae.org|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=CENELEC2003>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:1546953662480229::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:15306,25|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130213052907/http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:1546953662480229::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:15306,25|archive-date=2013-02-13|title = CENELEC - Standards Development - List of Technical Bodies -}}</ref>

<ref name=CENELECxxxx>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:6177007965168887::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:20776,25|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722151947/http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:6177007965168887::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:20776,25|archive-date=2012-07-22|title = CENELEC - Standards Development - List of Technical Bodies -}}</ref>

<ref name=customxxxx>As used in this article, the term '''customary binary prefix''' or similar refers to prefixes such as kilo, mega, giga, etc., borrowed from the similarly named [[SI prefix]]es but used to denote a power of 1024.</ref>

<ref name=HP2012>{{cite web|url=http://welcome.hp.com/country/us/en/welcome.html |title=Hewlett-Packard |publisher=Welcome.hp.com |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name=sony2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&categoryId=16155&SR=nav:shop:computers:desktops:ss&ref=http://www.sony.com/index.php|title=Consumer Electronics - Sony US|website=Sonystyle.com|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-date=2011-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616080047/http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&categoryId=16155&SR=nav%3Ashop%3Acomputers%3Adesktops%3Ass&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.com%2Findex.php}}</ref>

<ref name=forall2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.4allmemory.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.rdram_rambus_pc1066 |title=4AllMemory.com |publisher=4AllMemory.com |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name=BIPM1960>The term '''SI prefix''' or similar refers to prefixes such as kilo, mega, giga, etc., defined by the [[International System of Units|SI system]] of units and ''always'' used to denote a power of 1000; in other words, always as decimal prefixes.</ref>

<ref name=linux2001>{{cite web |url=http://www.annodex.net/cgi-bin/man/man2html?units+7 |title=Units |access-date=2007-05-20 |date=2001-12-22 |work=[[Manual page (Unix)|Linux Programmer's Manual]] |quote=When the Linux kernel boots and says <code>hda: 120064896 sectors (61473&nbsp;MB) w/2048KiB Cache</code> the MB are megabytes and the KiB are kibibytes. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902124532/http://www.annodex.net/cgi-bin/man/man2html?units+7 |archive-date=2 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name=ESR2012>{{cite web|url=https://lwn.net/2002/0103/a/esr-kibi.php3 |title=ESR post on LKML |publisher=Lwn.net |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name=ubuntu2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.neowin.net/news/ubuntu-implements-units-policy-will-switch-to-base-10-units-in-future-release |title=Ubuntu implements units policy, will switch to base-10 units in future release |publisher=Neowin.net |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name=ubuntu2012b>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UnitsPolicy |title=UnitsPolicy – Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name=snow2009>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.macworld.co.uk/mac/news/index.cfm?RSS&NewsID=27034 |title=Snow Leopard's new maths |magazine=Macworld |date=2009-08-28 |access-date=2011-04-13 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=apple2018>{{cite web |url=https://support.apple.com/en-ca/HT201402 |title=How iOS and macOS report storage capacity |publisher=Apple Inc |date=2018-02-27 |access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-terms">{{cite web | author = JEDEC Solid State Technology Association | title = JEDEC Standard No. 100B.01 – Terms, Definitions, and Letter Symbols for Microcomputers, Microprocessors, and Memory Integrated Circuits | date = December 2002 | page = 8 | url = http://www.jedec.org/download/search/JESD100B01.pdf | access-date = 2010-03-07 | quote = The definitions of kilo, giga, and mega based on powers of two are included only to reflect common usage. IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997 states "This practice frequently leads to confusion and is deprecated." }} (Requires free registration and login.)</ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-ddr3">{{cite web |title=DDR3 SDRAM Standard |author=JEDEC |date = September 2009|access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd-79-3d }} </ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-ddr2"> {{cite web |title=DDR2 SDRAM Standard |author=JEDEC |date = November 2009|access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd-79-2e }} </ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-configs"> {{cite web |title=Memory Configurations |author=JEDEC |access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/technology-focus-areas/memory-configurations-jesd21-c }} </ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-configs-toc"> {{cite web |title=Memory Configurations Table of Contents |author=JEDEC |access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/21C_TOCR18.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/21C_TOCR18.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }} </ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-configs-terms"> {{cite web |title=Terms and Definitions |author=JEDEC |access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/2_00R19.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/2_00R19.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }} </ref>

<ref name=hita2009>[http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/B259B4A73296DA628625751600058A80/$file/ProductBrochureMarch2009.pdf]{{dead link|date=October 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name=sams2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/faqView.do?b2b_bbs_msg_id=167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616021347/http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/faqView.do?b2b_bbs_msg_id=167 |archive-date=2011-06-16 |title=FAQs|website=Samsung.com |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=seag2017>{{cite web |url=http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/storage_solutions_guide.pdf |title=Storage Solutions Guide |website=Seagate |access-date=2010-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331115539/http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/storage_solutions_guide.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-31 }}</ref>

<ref name=toshi2009>{{cite press release |url=http://sdd.toshiba.com/techdocs/MKxx33GSG_MK1235GSL_r1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122075109/http://sdd.toshiba.com/techdocs/MKxx33GSG_MK1235GSL_r1.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009 |title=Toshiba Introduces Two 1.8-inch Hard Disk Drive Families For Both High Performance and Long Battery Life in Mobile Computing Applications |publisher=Toshiba |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=WDC2005>{{cite web |title=WD Model and Order Numbers |url=http://www.wdc.com/en/library/2579-001028.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824091308/http://www.wdc.com/en/library/2579-001028.pdf |archive-date=2005-08-24 }}</ref>

<ref name="sd-cap-disclaimer">{{cite web |url=http://www.sandisk.com/Assets/Categories/Products/card_capacitydisclaimer.pdf |title=Secure Digital Capacity Disclaimer |work=sandisk.com |publisher=[[SanDisk|SanDisk Corporation]] |access-date=2014-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227015453/http://www.sandisk.com/Assets/Categories/Products/card_capacitydisclaimer.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-27 }}</ref>

<ref name=msoftxxxx>{{cite web |last=Microsoft |title=Determining Actual Disk Size: Why 1.44&nbsp;MB Should Be 1.40&nbsp;MB |work=Article ID: 121839 |publisher=Microsoft |date=2003-05-06 |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/121839 |access-date=2007-07-07}} "The 1.44-megabyte (MB) value associated with the 3.5-inch disk format does not represent the actual size or free space of these disks. Although its size has been popularly called 1.44&nbsp;MB, the correct size is actually 1.40&nbsp;MB."</ref>

<ref name="dvdcap">[http://www.osta.org/technology/pdf/dvdqa.pdf#page=20 Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102065839/http://www.osta.org/technology/pdf/dvdqa.pdf#page=20 |date=2 January 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="cdromcap">{{cite web |url=http://www.videohelp.com/forum/userguides/135642.php |title=Data capacity of CDs |publisher=Videohelp.com |access-date=2012-01-26 |archive-date=2006-07-15  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715075021/http://www.videohelp.com/forum/userguides/135642.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

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<ref name=ECMA2013>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-319.pdf|title=Data Interchange on 12,7 mm 384-Track Magnetic Tape Cartridges – Ultrium-1 Format|website=Ecma-international.org|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917015428/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-319.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-17}}</ref>

<ref name=toshi2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.toshiba-tdmt.com.tw/english/products/overview.aspx|title=Client: Client HDD - Toshiba|website=Toshiba-tdmt.com.tw|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=IBMaxxxx>{{cite web|url=http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/etc/cust/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.storage.etc.doc/etc_data_storage_values.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140317230133/http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/etc/cust/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.storage.etc.doc/etc_data_storage_values.html|archive-date=17 March 2014|title=IBM Knowledge Center|website=Pic.dhe.ibm.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=resp2011>DeRespinis, F., Hayward, P., Jenkins, J., Laird, A., McDonald, L., & Radzinski, E. (2011). The IBM style guide: conventions for writers and editors. IBM Press.</ref>

<ref name=pate2011>{{cite web |title=Patent WO2012098399A2 – Low-power oscillator – Google Patents |website=Google.com |url=http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012098399A2?cl=en |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>

<ref name=ains2022>{{cite journal |title=A terminology standard for underwater acoustics and the benefits of international standardization. |author-last1=Ainslie |author-first1=Michael A. |author-last2=Halvorsen |author-first2=Michele B. |author-last3=Robinson |author-first3=Stephen P. |orig-date=2021-11-09 |date=January 2022 |issn=0364-9059 |eissn=1558-1691 |journal=[[IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering]] |publisher=[[IEEE]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=179–200 |doi=10.1109/JOE.2021.3085947 |bibcode=2022IJOE...47..179A |s2cid=243948953 |doi-access=free }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20221220112042/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9607022<!--https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9607022-->] (22 pages)</ref>