{{short description|Boron compound, a salt of boric acid}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Other uses}} {{chembox | Name = Borax | OtherNames = borax decahydrate
sodium borate decahydrate
sodium tetraborate decahydrate
sodium tetrahydroxy tetraborate hexahydrate | ImageFile = Borax crystals.jpg | ImageName = Borax crystals | ImageSize = 260px | ImageFile1 = BoraxChem.png | ImageName1 = Ball-and-stick model of the unit cell of borax decahydrate | ImageSize1 = 244px | IUPACName = disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane;decahydrate | Section1 = {{chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 1303-96-4 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | ChEMBL = 3833375 | ChEBI = 86222 | ChemSpiderID = 17339255 | EINECS = [https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.129.152 603-411-9] | KEGG = D03243 | PubChem = 16211214 | RTECS = VZ2275000 | UNII = 91MBZ8H3QO | InChI = 1/B4O7.2Na.10H2O/c5-1-7-3-9-2(6)10-4(8-1)11-3;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;;10*1H2/q-2;2*+1;;;;;;;;;; | SMILES = [Na+].[Na+].O0B(O)O[B-]1(O)OB(O)O[B-]0(O)O1.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O | InChIKey = CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYAP | StdInChI = 1S/B4O7.2Na.10H2O/c5-1-7-3-9-2(6)10-4(8-1)11-3;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;;10*1H2/q-2;2*+1;;;;;;;;;; | StdInChIKey = CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = B4O7Na2·10H2O
Na2B4O7·10H2O
B4H20Na2O17 | MolarMass = 381.37 (decahydrate) | Appearance = white, crystalline solid | Density = 1.73 g/cm3 (decahydrate, solid) | Solubility = 31.7 g/L | MeltingPtC = 743 | MeltingPt_notes = (anhydrous)
75 °C (decahydrate, decomposes) | BoilingPtC = 1575 | BoilingPt_notes = (anhydrous) | pKb = | MagSus = −85.0·10−6 cm3/mol (anhydrous){{rp|p.4.135}} | RefractIndex = n1=1.447, n2=1.469, n3=1.472 (decahydrate){{rp|p.4.139}} }} | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | Structure_ref = | CrystalStruct = [[Monoclinic]], [[Pearson symbol|mS92]], No. 15 | SpaceGroup = C2/c | PointGroup = 2/m | LattConst_a = 1.1885 nm | LattConst_b = 1.0654 nm | LattConst_c = 1.2206 nm | UnitCellFormulas = 4 | UnitCellVolume = 1.4810 nm3 | LattConst_alpha = | LattConst_beta = 106.623° | LattConst_gamma = | Coordination = | MolShape = | OrbitalHybridisation = | Dipole = }} | Section6 = {{Chembox Pharmacology | ATCCode_prefix = S01 | ATCCode_suffix = AX07 }} | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | NFPA-H = 1 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 0 | NFPA_ref = | IDLH = N.D. | REL = TWA 1 mg/m3 (anhydrous and pentahydrate)
TWA 5 mg/m3 (decahydrate) | PEL = none | GHSPictograms = {{GHS08}} | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|360}} | PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|308+313}} }} | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | OtherAnions = [[Sodium aluminate]] | OtherCations = [[Lithium tetraborate]] | OtherCompounds = [[Boric acid]], [[sodium perborate]] }} }} '''Borax''' is a [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] ([[ion]]ic compound), a [[hydration (chemistry)|hydrated]] [[borate]] of [[sodium]], with [[elemental formula]] {{chem2|Na2H20B4O17}} often written {{chem2|Na2B4O7*10H2O}}. It is a colorless crystalline solid, that dissolves in water to make a [[base (chemistry)|basic]] [[aqueous solution|solution]]. It is commonly available in powder or granular form, and has many industrial and household uses, including as a [[pesticide]], as a metal soldering [[flux (metallurgy)|flux]], as a component of [[glass]], [[enamel]], and [[glaze (pottery)|pottery glaze]]s, for [[tanning (leather)|tanning]] of skins and [[hide (skin)|hide]]s, for artificial aging of wood, as a preservative against wood [[fungus]], and as a pharmaceutic [[alkalizer]]. In chemical laboratories, it is used as a [[buffer solution|buffering]] agent. The compound is often called '''sodium tetraborate decahydrate''', but that name is not consistent with its structure. The [[anion]] is not [[tetraborate]] {{chem2|[B4O7](2-)}} but [[tetraborate|tetrahydroxy tetraborate]] {{chem2|[B4O5(OH)4](2-)}}, so the more correct formula should be {{chem2|Na2B4O5(OH)4*8H2O}}. Informally, the product is often called '''sodium borate decahydrate''' or just '''sodium borate'''. The terms '''tincal''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|ŋ|k|əl}} "tinkle", or '''tincar''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|ŋ|k|ər}} "tinker" refers to native borax, historically mined from dry lake beds in various parts of Asia. ==History== Borax was first discovered in dry lake beds in [[Tibet]]. Native tincal from Tibet, [[Persia]], and other parts of Asia was traded via the [[Silk Road]] to the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in the 8th century AD. Borax first came into common use in the late 19th century when [[Francis Marion Smith]]'s [[Pacific Coast Borax Company]] began to market and popularize a large variety of applications under the [[20 Mule Team Borax]] [[trademark]], named for [[Twenty-mule team|the method]] by which borax was originally hauled out of the [[Death Valley National Park|California and Nevada deserts]]. ==Etymology== The English word ''borax'' is Latinized: the [[Middle English]] form was ''boras'', from [[Old French]] ''boras, bourras''. That may have been from [[Medieval Latin]] ''baurach'' (another English spelling), ''borac(-/um/em), borax'', along with [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''borrax'' (> ''borraj'') and [[Italian language|Italian]] ''borrace'', in the 9th century. The words ''tincal'' and ''tincar'' were adopted into [[English language|English]] in the 17th century from [[Malay language|Malay]] ''tingkal'' and from [[Urdu language|Urdu]]/[[Persian language|Persian]] [[Arabic script|Arabic]] {{script|Arab|تنکار}} ''tinkār/tankār''; thus the two forms in English. These all appear to be related to the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] टांकण ''ṭānkaṇa''. ==Hydrates== The term ''borax'' properly refers to the so called decahydrate {{chem2|Na2B4O7*10H2O}}, more correctly written {{chem2|Na2B4O5(OH)4*8H2O}}. However, the term may be applied also to the related compounds ===Borax pentahydrate=== Borax pentahydrate has the formula {{chem2|Na2B4O7*5H2O}}, more properly {{chem2|Na2B4O5(OH)4*3H2O}} It is a colorless solid with density is 1.880 kg/m3 that crystallizes from water solutions above 60.8 °C in the [[rhombohedral crystal system]]. It occurs naturally as the mineral [[tinkhanite]]. It can be obtained by heating the decahydrate above 61 °C. ===Borax dihydrate=== Borax dihydrate has the formula {{chem2|Na2B4O7*2H2O}}, more properly {{chem2|Na2B4O5(OH)4}}. It can be obtained by heating the decahydrate or pentahydrate to above 116-120 °C. ===Anhydrous borax=== Anhydrous borax is sodium tetraborate proper, with formula {{chem2|Na2B4O7}}. It can be obtained by heating any hydrate to 300 °C. It has one amorphous (glassy) form and three crystalline form,sα, β and γ, with melting points of 1015, 993 and 936 K respectively. α-Na2B4O7 is the stable form. == Chemistry == [[File:Borax-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|thumb|upright|left|The structure of borax according to [[X-ray crystallography]].]] ==Structure== From the chemical perspective, borax contains the [B4O5(OH)4]2− ion. In this structure, there are two four-coordinate boron centers and two three-coordinate boron centers. ==Physical properties== The crystalline decahydrate is a [[proton conductor]] at temperatures above 21 °C. Conductivity is maximum along the ''b'' axis. ==Reactions== Borax is also easily converted to [[boric acid]] and other [[borate]]s, which have many applications. Its reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid is: : Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 H3BO3 + 2 NaCl + 5H2O The "decahydrate" is sufficiently stable to find use as a [[primary standard]] for acid base [[titrimetry]].{{rp|p.316}} Molten borax dissolves many metal oxides to form glasses. This property is important for its uses in metallurgy and for the [[borax bead test]] of qualitative chemical analysis. === Solubility === Borax is soluble in a variety of solvents; however, it is notably insoluble in ethanol. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Solubility of Borax decahydrate in some solvents !Organic solvent !Temperature °C (°F) !Borax decahydrate % by weight in saturated solution |- |Glycerol 98.5% |20 (68) |52.60 |- |Glycerol 86.5% |20 (68) |47.19 |- |Ethylene glycol |25 (77) |41.60 |- |Diethylene glycol |25 (77) |18.60 |- |Methanol |25 (77) |19.90 |- |Aqueous ethanol 46.5% |15.5 (60) |2.48 |- |Acetone |25 (77) |0.60 |- |Ethyl acetate |25 (77) |0.14 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Solubility of borax decahydrate in water !Temperature °C (°F) !Borax decahydrate % by weight in saturated solution |- |0 (32) |1.99 |- |5 (41) |2.46 |- |10 (50) |3.09 |- |15 (59) |3.79 |- |20 (68) |4.70 |- |25 (77) |5.80 |- |30 (86) |7.20 |- |35 (95) |9.02 |- |40 (104) |11.22 |- |45 (113) |14.21 |- |50 (122) |17.91 |- |55 (131) |23.22 |- |60 (140) |30.32 |- |65 (149) |33.89 |- |70 (158) |36.94 |- |75 (167) |40.18 |- |80 (176) |44.31 |- |85 (185) |48.52 |- |90 (194) |53.18 |- |95 (203) |58.94 |- |100 (212) |65.63 |} == Natural sources == [[File:Borax ball.jpg|right|thumb|Borax "cottonball"]] {{main|Borax (mineral)}} {{Citation needed span|date=July 2021|Borax occurs naturally in [[evaporite]] deposits produced by the repeated evaporation of [[seasonal lake]]s. The most commercially important deposits are found in: [[Turkey]]; [[Boron, California]]; and [[Searles Lake]], [[California]]. Also, borax has been found at many other locations in the [[Southwestern United States]], the [[Atacama desert]] in [[Chile]], newly discovered deposits in [[Bolivia]], and in [[Tibet]] and [[Romania]]. Borax can also be produced synthetically from other boron compounds.}} Naturally occurring borax (known by the trade name Rasorite–46 in the United States and many other countries) is refined by a process of [[Recrystallization (chemistry)|recrystallization]]. [[File:Hauling Borax, Death Valley, 1904.jpg|thumb|[[traction engine|Traction]] steam engine hauling borax, [[Death Valley National Park]], California, 1904]] == Uses == [[File:Borax.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Borax-based [[laundry detergent]]]] ===Ant control=== Borax is used in control solutions because it is toxic to ants. Because it is slow-acting, worker ants will carry the borax to their nests and poison the rest of the colony. === Household products === Borax is used in various household laundry and cleaning products, including the [[20 Mule Team Borax]] laundry booster, [[Boraxo]] powdered hand soap, and some [[tooth bleaching]] formulas. === pH buffer === Borate ions (commonly supplied as boric acid) are used in biochemical and chemical laboratories to make buffers, e.g. for [[polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]] of DNA and RNA, such as [[TBE buffer]] (borate buffered tris-hydroxymethylaminomethonium) or the newer SB buffer or [[BBS buffer]] (borate buffered saline) in coating procedures. Borate buffers (usually at pH 8) are also used as preferential equilibration solution in [[dimethyl pimelimidate]] (DMP) based crosslinking reactions.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} ===Co-complexing agent=== {{Citation needed span|date=July 2021|Borax as a source of borate has been used to take advantage of the co-complexing ability of borate with other agents in water to form complex ions with various substances. Borate and a suitable [[polymer]] bed are used to [[chromatograph]] non-[[glycated]] [[hemoglobin]] differentially from [[glycated hemoglobin]] (chiefly [[HbA1c]]), which is an indicator of long-term [[hyperglycemia]] in [[diabetes mellitus]].}} ===Water-softening agent=== {{Unreferenced section|date=July 2021}} Borax alone does not have a high affinity for the ''[[Hard water#Sources of hardness|hardness cations]]'', although it has been used for water-softening. Its chemical equation for ''[[water softening|water-softening]]'' is given below: : [[calcium|Ca]]2+ (aq) + [[sodium|Na]]2[[boron|B]]4[[oxygen|O]]7 (aq) → [[calcium|Ca]] [[boron|B]]4[[oxygen|O]]7 (s)↓ + 2 [[sodium|Na]]+ (aq) : [[magnesium|Mg]]2+ (aq) + [[sodium|Na]]2[[boron|B]]4[[oxygen|O]]7 (aq) → [[magnesium|Mg]] [[boron|B]]4[[oxygen|O]]7 (s)↓ + 2 [[sodium|Na]]+ (aq) The [[sodium]] ions introduced do not make water ‘hard’. This method is suitable for removing both temporary and permanent types of hardness. === Flux === {{Citation needed span|date=July 2021|A mixture of borax and [[ammonium chloride]] is used as a [[Flux (metallurgy)|flux]] when [[welding]] [[iron]] and [[steel]]. It lowers the melting point of the unwanted [[iron oxide]] ([[Mill scale|scale]]), allowing it to run off. Borax is also used mixed with water as a flux when [[soldering]] [[jewelry]] [[metal]]s such as [[gold]] or [[silver]], where it allows the molten [[solder]] to [[Wetting|wet]] the metal and flow evenly into the joint.}} Borax is also a good flux for "pre-tinning" [[tungsten]] with zinc — making the tungsten soft-solderable. Borax is often used as a flux for [[forge welding]]. === Small-scale gold mining === [[File:Borax wagons.jpg|thumb|Old steam tractor and borax wagons, [[Death Valley National Park]] ]] In [[Artisanal mining|artisanal gold mining]], borax is sometimes used as part of a process known as the [[borax method]] (as a flux) meant to eliminate the need for toxic mercury in the [[gold extraction]] process, although it cannot directly replace mercury. Borax was reportedly used by gold miners in parts of the [[Philippines]] in the 1900s. There is evidence that, in addition to reducing the environmental impact, this method achieves better gold recovery for suitable ores and is less expensive. This borax method is used in northern [[Luzon]] in the Philippines, but miners have been reluctant to adopt it elsewhere for reasons that are not well understood. The method has also been promoted in Bolivia and Tanzania. ===Flubber=== {{main|Flubber (material)}} A rubbery polymer sometimes called [[Slime (toy)|Slime]], [[Flubber (material)|Flubber]], 'gluep' or 'glurch' (or erroneously called [[Silly Putty]], which is based on silicone polymers), can be made by [[cross-link|cross-linking]] [[polyvinyl alcohol]] with borax. Making flubber from [[polyvinyl acetate]]-based [[glue]]s, such as [[Elmer's Products, Inc.|Elmer's Glue]], and borax is a common elementary-science demonstration. === Food additive === Borax, given the [[E number]] ''E285'', is used as a [[food additive]], but is banned in some countries, such as the United States, China, and [[Thailand]]. As a consequence, certain foods, such as [[caviar]], produced for sale in the United States contain higher levels of [[salt]] to assist preservation. In addition to its use as a preservative, borax imparts a firm, rubbery texture to food. In [[China]], borax ({{zh|c=硼砂|p=péng shā}} or {{zh|c=月石|p=yuè shí}}) has been found in foods including wheat and rice noodles named {{Clarify span|text=''[[lamian]] ({{zh|s=拉面|p=lāmiàn}})'', ''[[shahe fen]] ({{zh|s=沙河粉|p=shāhéfěn}})'', ''[[char kway teow]] ({{zh|c=粿條|p=guǒ tiáo}})'', and ''[[chee cheong fun]] ({{zh|s=肠粉|p=chángfěn}})''|reason=Most of these are dishes, not wheat and rice noodles, and at least one is just a dish made from another listed noodle.|date=September 2021}} In [[Indonesia]], it is a common, but forbidden, additive to such foods as noodles, [[bakso]] (meatballs), and steamed rice. The country's Directorate of Consumer Protection warns of the risk of [[liver cancer]] with high consumption over a period of five to ten years. {{Unreliable medical source|date=August 2021}} ===Other uses=== [[File:Boron mine pit.jpg|thumbnail|Rio Tinto borax mine pit, [[Boron, California]]]] * Ingredient in [[vitreous enamel|enamel]] glazes * Component of [[glass]], [[pottery]], and [[ceramic]]s * Used as an additive in ceramic slips and [[ceramic glaze|glazes]] to improve fit on wet, greenware, and [[bisque (pottery)|bisque]]{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} * [[Fire retardant]] * [[Fungicide|Anti-fungal]] compound for [[cellulose insulation]] * Moth proofing 10% solution for wool * Pulverized for the prevention of stubborn pests (e.g. [[German cockroach]]es) in closets, pipe and cable inlets, wall [[panelling]] gaps, and inaccessible locations where ordinary [[pesticide]]s are undesirable * Precursor for [[sodium perborate|sodium perborate monohydrate]] that is used in [[detergent]]s, as well as for [[boric acid]] and other [[borate]]s{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} * [[Tackifier]] ingredient in [[casein]], [[starch]] and [[dextrin]] based adhesives * Precursor for [[boric acid]], a tackifier ingredient in [[polyvinyl acetate]], [[polyvinyl alcohol]] based adhesives * To make indelible ink for [[dip pen]]s by dissolving [[shellac]] into heated borax{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} * [[Curing agent]] for [[snake]] skins{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} * Curing agent for [[salmon]] eggs, for use in sport fishing for salmon * Swimming pool [[buffering agent]] to control [[pH]] * [[Neutron absorber]], used in [[boiling water reactor|nuclear reactor]]s and spent fuel pools to control reactivity and to shut down a nuclear chain reaction * As a [[micronutrient]] [[fertilizer]] to correct [[Boron deficiency (plant disorder)|boron-deficient soils]]. * [[Preservative]] in [[taxidermy]] * To color fires with a green tint * Was traditionally used to coat dry-cured meats such as hams to improve the appearance and discourage flies. * Used by [[blacksmith]]s in [[forge welding]] * Used as a [[Flux_(metallurgy)|flux]] for melting metals and alloys in [[Casting_(metalworking)|casting]] to draw out impurities and prevent [[Redox|oxidation]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} * Used as a [[woodworm]] treatment (diluted in water){{citation needed|date=September 2019}} * In [[Particle Physics]] as an additive to [[Nuclear emulsion]], to extend the latent image lifetime of charged particle tracks. The first observation of the [[pion]], which was awarded the 1950 [[Nobel Prize]], used this type of emulsion. ==Toxicity== Borax, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, according to one study, is not acutely toxic. Its {{LD50}} (median lethal dose) score is tested at 2.66 g/kg in rats, meaning that a significant dose of the chemical is needed to cause severe symptoms or death. The lethal dose is not necessarily the same for humans. On pesticide information websites it is listed as a non-lethal compound and of no hazardous concerns. Borax has been in use as an insecticide in the United States with various restrictions since 1946. All restrictions were removed in February 1986 due to the low toxicity of borax, as reported in two EPA documents relating to boric acid and borax. {{quote|EPA has determined that, because they are of low toxicity and occur naturally, boric acid and its sodium salts should be exempted from the requirement of a tolerance (maximum residue limit) for all raw agricultural commodities.}} Although it cited inconclusive data, a re-evaluation in 2006 by the EPA still found that "There were no signs of toxicity observed during the study and no evidence of cytotoxicity to the target organ." In the reevaluation, a study of toxicity due to overexposure was checked and the findings were that "The residential handler inhalation risks due to boric acid and its sodium salts as active ingredients are not a risk concern and do not exceed the level of concern..." but that there could be some risk of irritation to children inhaling it if used as a powder for cleaning rugs. Sodium tetraborate decahydrate has no known [[hazard issue]]s.{{clarify|date=April 2016}} Overexposure to borax dust can cause respiratory irritation, while no skin irritation is known to exist due to external borax exposure. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal distress including [[nausea]], persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, and [[diarrhea]]. Effects on the vascular system and [[human brain]] include headaches and lethargy, but are less frequent. In severe cases, a "beefy" red rash affecting the palms, soles, buttocks and scrotum has occurred. ===Possible carcinogen=== The Indonesian Directorate of Consumer Protection warns of the risk of [[liver cancer]] with high consumption of borax over a period of 5–10 years. ===Risk to fertility and pregnancy=== Borax was added to the [[Substance of very high concern|Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC)]] candidate list on December 16, 2010. The SVHC candidate list is part of the [[European Union|EU]] Regulations on the [[Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals]] 2006 (REACH), and the addition was based on the revised classification of borax as ''toxic for reproduction'' category 1B under the [[CLP Regulation]]s. Substances and mixtures imported into the EU which contain borax are now required to be labelled with the warnings "May damage fertility" and "May damage the unborn child". It was proposed for addition to REACH Annex XIV by the [[European Chemicals Agency|ECHA]] on July 1, 2015. If this recommendation is approved, all imports and uses of borax in the EU will have to be authorized by the ECHA.{{update after|2016|8|17}} Review of the boron toxicity (as boric acid and borates) published 2012 in ''[[Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health]]'' concluded: "It clearly appears that human B [boron] exposures, even in the highest exposed cohorts, are too low to reach the blood (and target tissue) concentrations that would be required to exert adverse effects on reproductive functions." A draft risk assessment released by [[Health Canada]] in July 2016 has found that overexposure to boric acid has the potential to cause developmental and reproductive health effects. Since people are already exposed to boric acid naturally through their diets and water, Health Canada advised that exposure from other sources should be reduced as much as possible, especially for children and pregnant women. The concern is not with any one product, but rather multiple exposures from a variety of sources. With this in mind, the department also announced that registrations for certain pesticides that contain boric acid, which are commonly used in homes, will have their registrations cancelled and be phased out of the marketplace. As well, new, more protective label directions are being introduced for other boric acid pesticides that continue to be registered in Canada (for example, enclosed bait stations and spot treatments using gel formulations). ==See also== * [[Borax bead test]] * [[John Veatch]] * [[List of cleaning agents]] * [[Sodium borohydride]] * [[Ulexite]] ==References== {{cite book | editor= Haynes, William M. | year = 2011 | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 92nd | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | isbn = 978-1439855119| title-link = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics }} {{cite journal|doi=10.1107/S0567740878011504|title=Crystal structures of sodium sulfate decahydrate (Glauber's salt) and sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax). Redetermination by neutron diffraction|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section B|volume=34|issue=12|pages=3502–3510|year=1978|last1=Levy|first1=H. A.|last2=Lisensky|first2=G. C.|doi-access=free}} {{cite web|url=http://tlsoakland.com/pdf/12.pdf|title=Potential Commodities NFPA 704|access-date=December 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517223018/http://tlsoakland.com/pdf/12.pdf|archive-date=May 17, 2016|url-status=dead}} {{PGCH|0057}} {{PGCH|0059}} {{PGCH|0058}} {{Cite web|title=CompTox Chemicals Dashboard|url=https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/product-use-categories/DTXSID2034384|access-date=2022-01-01|website=comptox.epa.gov}} S.Maričić, V.Pravdić, and Z.Veksli (1962): "Proton conductivity in borax, Na2[B4O5(OH)4]-8H2O".''Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids'', volume 23, issue 11, pages 1651-1659. {{doi|10.1016/0022-3697(62)90248-2}} "American Borax Production" Scientific American September 22, 1877 Hildebrand, G. H. (1982) "Borax Pioneer: Francis Marion Smith." San Diego: Howell-North Books. p. 267 {{ISBN|0-8310-7148-6}} {{cite web|url=http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2588|title=Borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O ) – Sodium Borate – Occurrence, Discovery and Applications|work=Amoz.com|date=August 16, 2004}} {{OED|Tincal}} Chemical Age of India, Vol. 37, No.10 & 11 (1976) {{VogelQuantitative}} {{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Borax|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16211214|access-date=2021-12-27|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}} [https://www.borax.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/pds-borates-boraxdecahydrate-us.pdf Borax decahydrate]. borax.com {{cite journal|last=Wizniak|first=Jaime|date=July 2005|title=Borax, Boric Acid, and Boron – From exotic to commodity|journal=Indian Journal of Chemical Technology|volume=12|issue=4|issn=0975-0991|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/8663/1/IJCT%2012(4)%20488-500.pdf}} {{cite journal |last1=Klotz |first1=John H. |last2=Greenberg |first2=Les |last3=Amrhein |first3=Christopher |last4=Rust |first4=Michael K. |title=Toxicity and Repellency of Borate-Sucrose Water Baits to Argentine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |date=1 August 2000 |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=1256–1258 |doi=10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1256}} {{HPD|136}} {{cite web |title=The Many, Many Uses of Borax for Laundry |url=https://www.borax.com/news-events/april-2021/uses-of-borax-for-laundry |website=U.S. Borax |access-date=13 June 2022}} {{Cite book| author = Hammond, C. R.| title = The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition| publisher = CRC press| isbn = 978-0-8493-0485-9| year = 2004| url = https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide}} {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/bi00858a033|pmid=6035921|title=Resolution of Multiple Ribonucleic Acid Species by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis|journal=Biochemistry|volume=6|issue=6|pages=1818–1827|year=1967|last1=Peacock|first1=Andrew C.|last2=Dingman|first2=C. Wesley}} {{cite journal|pmid=6269069|pmc=327328|year=1981|last1=Anderson|first1=S.|title=Shotgun DNA sequencing using cloned DNase I-generated fragments|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=9|issue=13|pages=3015–27|doi=10.1093/nar/9.13.3015}} {{Cite journal |first = J.G. |last = Dodd |doi = 10.1119/1.1972398 |journal = Am. J. Phys. |volume = 34 |issue = 10 |pages = xvi |year = 1966 |title = Soft soldering to tungsten wire|bibcode = 1966AmJPh..34D..16D }} {{cite web |url=http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/newsletter/march-april-filipino-gold-miner-reveals-borax-secret-pakistan-s-pollution-problem.html#topic1 |title=March 2012 ipad ewaste Filipino Borax, Pakistans Pollution, Artisanal Gold Mining |website=Blacksmithinstitute.org |accessdate=August 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013010249/http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/newsletter/march-april-filipino-gold-miner-reveals-borax-secret-pakistan-s-pollution-problem.html#topic1 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{cite web|url=http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/common/int_ssm_fact_sheet_07.pdf |title=The borax method |work=Borax replacing mercury in small-scale mining |publisher=The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) |accessdate=August 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206111423/http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/common/int_ssm_fact_sheet_07.pdf |archivedate=December 6, 2008 }} {{cite journal |last1=Appel |first1=Peter W.U. |last2=Na-Oy |first2=Leoncio |title=The Borax Method of Gold Extraction for Small-Scale Miners |journal=Journal of Health and Pollution |date=1 June 2012 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=5–10 |doi=10.5696/2156-9614-2.3.5}} {{cite journal |last1=Appel |first1=Peter W. U. |last2=Andersen |first2=Astrid |last3=Na-Oy |first3=Leoncio D. |last4=Onos |first4=Rudy |title=Introduction of Mercury-free Gold Extraction Methods to Medium-Scale Miners and Education of Health Care Providers to Reduce the use of Mercury in Sorata, Bolivia |journal=Journal of Health and Pollution |date=1 December 2015 |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=12–17 | pmid=30524772|doi=10.5696/2156-9614-5-9.12|pmc=6221499 }} {{cite journal |last1=Appel |first1=Peter W.U. |last2=Jønsson |first2=Jesper Bosse |title=Borax – an alternative to mercury for gold extraction by small-scale miners: introducing the method in Tanzania |journal=Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin |date=31 December 1969 |volume=20 |pages=87–90 |doi=10.34194/geusb.v20.4988}} {{cite book|last=Parratore|first=Phil |title=Wacky Science: A Cookbook for Elementary Teachers|publisher=Kendall Hunt|location=Dubuque, IA|page=26|isbn=978-0-7872-2741-8|year=1998 }} {{cite web |url=http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryactivities/ss/slimerecipe.htm |title=Slime Recipe - How to Make Borax and White Glue Slime |website=Chemistry.about.com |date= |accessdate=August 7, 2016}} {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/04/22/after-china-turned-it-into-cheap-snack-americans-hope-make-caviar-great-again/|title=After China turned it into a cheap snack, caviar is at risk of losing its status as a luxury good|last=Reiley|first=Laura|date=April 22, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 22, 2019}} {{cite web |url=http://www.hanscon.ch/caviar_website/glossary.htm |title=Caviar glossary |work=The Caviar Guide a gourmet review of caviars & fish roe |publisher=Hanson Ltd, Geneva, Switzerland |accessdate=July 7, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208100622/http://www.hanscon.ch/caviar_website/glossary.htm |archivedate=December 8, 2008 }} {{cite web|author= |url=http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/279712 |title=Chinese Ingredients: Borax Powder, Mushroom Extract – Chowhound |website=Chowhound.chow.com |date= September 11, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2016}} {{cite web |url=https://www.pom.go.id/new/view/more/berita/139/BAHAN-BERBAHAYA-YANG-DILARANG-UNTUK-PANGAN |title=BAHAN BERBAHAYA YANG DILARANG UNTUK PANGAN |website=www.pom.go.id |date= |accessdate=June 26, 2021}} {{cite web|url=http://pkditjenpdn.depdag.go.id/English/index.php?page=infodtl&InfoID=8&dtl=1 |title=Watch Out For The Food We Consume |year=2006 |publisher=Directorate of Consumer Protection, Jakarta, Indonesia |accessdate=February 10, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228204459/http://pkditjenpdn.depdag.go.id/English/index.php?page=infodtl&InfoID=8&dtl=1 |archivedate=December 28, 2008 }} {{cite web |title=Alphabetical information on pottery glaze making materials and clay body ingredients |url=https://www.sheffield-pottery.com/Raw-Materials-Dictionary-Glaze-making-Clay-Ingredients-s/36.htm |website=Sheffield Pottery |accessdate=4 December 2019}} {{Cite book|last=Schubert|first=David M.|title=Group 13 Chemistry III|chapter=Borates in Industrial Use|volume=105|date=2003|work=Group 13 Chemistry III: Industrial Applications|pages=1–40|editor-last=Roesky|editor-first=Herbert W.|series=Structure and Bonding|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/3-540-46110-8_1|isbn=978-3-540-46110-4|editor2-last=Atwood|editor2-first=David A.}} {{Citation|last1=Shen|first1=Kelvin K.|title=Flame retardants: borates|date=1998|work=Plastics Additives: An A-Z reference|pages=268–276|editor-last=Pritchard|editor-first=Geoffrey|series=Polymer Science and Technology Series|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_30|isbn=978-94-011-5862-6|last2=O’Connor|first2=Roderick}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cat.org.uk/news/news_release.tmpl?command=search&db=news.db&eqSKUdatarq=10340 |title=Centre for Alternative Technology |website=Cat.org.uk |accessdate=August 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801034055/http://www.cat.org.uk/news/news_release.tmpl?command=search&db=news.db&eqSKUdatarq=10340 |archive-date=August 1, 2012 |url-status=dead }} {{Cite web|url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100YHGT.PDF?Dockey=9100YHGT.PDF|title=Least toxic pest control: how infestations of termites, ants, fleas, ticks, and beetles can be controlled without causing short- or long-term indoor air quality changes and health risks|last=Murray|first=Lynda M.|date=1989|website=nepis.epa.gov|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=/web/20220626035430/https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100YHGT.PDF?Dockey=9100YHGT.PDF|archive-date=2022-06-25 |access-date=2022-06-25}} {{Citation|last=Suárez|first=Juan C.|title=Handbook of Adhesion Technology|chapter=Bioadhesives|date=2011|pages=1385–1408|editor-last=da Silva|editor-first=Lucas F. M.|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-01169-6_53|isbn=978-3-642-01168-9|editor2-last=Öchsner|editor2-first=Andreas|editor3-last=Adams|editor3-first=Robert D.}} {{Cite web|title=Curing eggs for steelhead, steelhead egg cures, Buzz Ramsey, Bill Swann, Andy Martin|url=https://wildriversfishing.com/article6.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=wildriversfishing.com}} {{Cite patent|title=Buffer System for Swimming Pools and Related Structures|gdate=2008-11-17|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20090075820A1/en}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2010/2010030403.pdf|title=Development of Boron-based materials for nuclear applications|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922231649/http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2010/2010030403.pdf |archive-date=September 22, 2010 |access-date=}} {{cite web|url=http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/eps2//wisc/borax.html |title=Borax |website=Nature.berkeley.edu |date= |accessdate=August 7, 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.spectrumanalytic.com/support/library/ff/B_Basics.htm|title=Boron Basics|website=www.spectrumanalytic.com}} {{Cite web|date=2011-03-17|title=Learning Taxidermy Fish|url=https://taxidermyhobbyist.com/learning-taxidermy/learning-taxidermy-fish.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Taxidermy Hobbyist {{!}} The Art Of Taxidermy}} {{cite web|last=Marie |first=Anne |url=http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howtos/a/aa052703a.htm |title=How To Color Fire – Fun Fireplace Instructions |website=Chemistry.about.com |date= |accessdate=August 7, 2016}} {{Cite news|last=Nicholls|first=Walter|date=November 10, 1991|title=THE CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY HAM|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1991/11/10/the-custom-of-the-country-ham/3c177e15-595e-4db5-ba80-e61389348956/|newspaper=The Washington Post|volume=|pages=|via=}} {{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6M9KAQAAMAAJ&q=borax+ham&pg=PA171|title=Report of the State Board of Health of the State of New Hampshire ..., Volume 19|last=|first=|website=|pages=169–171|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|year=1906}} {{Cite journal|last1=Moehring|first1=Jack|last2=Willman|first2=Michael|last3=Pulscher|first3=Isaac|last4=Rowe|first4=Devin|date=Dec 2016|title=Bladesmithing at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology|journal=JOM|language=en|volume=68|issue=12|pages=3186–3192|doi=10.1007/s11837-016-2139-z|bibcode=2016JOM....68l3186M|s2cid=137747858|issn=1047-4838}} C.M.G. Lattes, R.H.Fowler, and R.Cuer (1947): "Range-Energy Relation for Protons and a-Particles in the New Ilford 'Nuclear Research' Emulsions". ''Nature'', volume 159, pages 301-302 C.M.G.Lattes and G.P.S.Occhialini (1947): "Determination of the Energy and Momentum of Fast Neutrons in Cosmic Rays". ''Nature'', volume 159 (1947), , pages 331-332 {{cite web |url=https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/0024fact.pdf |title=Pesticide Reregistration Status - Pesticides - US EPA |website=Epa.gov |date= |accessdate=August 7, 2016}} {{cite web |url=http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/cleared_reviews/csr_PC-011103_25-Apr-93_002.pdf |title=Pesticides - US EPA |website=Epa.gov |date=August 20, 2015 |accessdate=August 7, 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0062-0004 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=April 27, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503044719/http://www.regulations.gov/ |archivedate=May 3, 2015 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.aquasolutions.org/download/msds/SYN023.pdf |title=Safety Data Sheet : acc. to OSHA HCS |website=Aquasolutions.org|accessdate=August 7, 2016}} {{cite book |last1=Reigart |first1=J. Routt |title=Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings (5th Ed. ) |date=2009 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-1452-8 |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVvUZ8wXPFsC&pg=PA76 |accessdate=4 June 2020 |language=en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725113454/http://echa.europa.eu/doc/candidate_list/svhc_supdoc_disodium_tetraborate_anhydrous_publication.pdf Member state committee draft support document for identification of disodium tetraborate, anhydrous as a substance of very high concern because of its CMR properties]. Adopted on June 9, 2010. Echa.europa.eu. Retrieved on February 17, 2012. [http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13640/6th_a_xiv_recommendation_01july2015_en.pdf Recommendation of the European Chemicals Agency of 1 July 2015 for the inclusion of substances in Annex XIV to REACH (List of Substances subject to Authorisation)] Echa.europa.eu. Retrieved on July 6, 2015. {{cite journal|doi=10.1080/15287394.2012.675301 | pmid=22686310 | volume=75 | issue=8–10 | title=Human Environmental and Occupational Exposures to Boric Acid: Reconciliation with Experimental Reproductive Toxicity Data | journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A | pages=508–514| year=2012 | last1=Bolt | first1=Hermann M. | last2=Başaran | first2=Nurşen | last3=Duydu | first3=Yalçın | s2cid=31972554 }} {{cite web|url=http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2016/59514a-eng.php |title=Information Update – Health Canada advises Canadians to avoid homemade craft and pesticide recipes using boric acid – Recalls & alerts – Healthy Canadians Website |website=Healthycanadians.gc.ca |date=July 22, 2016 |accessdate=August 7, 2016}} O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1595 Mehmet Akgül and Osman Çamlıbe (2021) "The use of borax pentahydrate of inorganic filler in medium density fiberboard production". ''Maderas, Ciencia y tecnología'', volume 23, Epub 28-Ene-2021. {{doi|10.4067/s0718-221x2021000100422}} Ömer Şahin and A. Nusret Bulutcu (2002): [https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/chem/vol26/iss1/10 "Dehydration Behaviour of Borax Pentahydrate to Anhydrous Borax by Multi-Stage Heating in a Fluidized"]. ''Turkish Journal of Chemistry'', volume 26, article 10, pages 89–96. ==External links== {{Commons category|Borax}} {{wikitionary}} {{AmCyc Poster|Borax}} * {{ICSC|0567}} * {{ICSC|1229}} (fused borax) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209040519/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/15.html National Pollutant Inventory – Boron and compounds] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0058.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020821230321/http://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/HTMLdocs/SodiumBorate.htm Sodium Borate in sefsc.noaa.gov] {{Sodium compounds}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nesoborates]] [[Category:Borates]] [[Category:Evaporite]] [[Category:Cleaning product components]] [[Category:Cleaning products]] [[Category:Food additives]] [[Category:Household chemicals]] [[Category:Sodium compounds]] [[Category:Photographic chemicals]] [[Category:Luminescent minerals]] [[Category:Monoclinic minerals]] [[Category:E-number additives]] [[Category:Neutron poisons]]