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There are already a few places in the source code where that is done.
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I think Satoshi's done a darn good job of anticipating future needs. The wire protocol and database serialization formats both have version numbers, as do bitcoin addresses. The core transaction mechanism is very flexible (I worry that it might be too flexible, but that's why we've got the TEST network to see if we can break it).
I can't think of anything simple that would make it more future-proof. If you're worried about SHA256 getting broken or the 21quadrillion Bittiestcoins not being enough... then you worry too much. Stop worrying, you'll just suffer from analysis paralysis and get nothing done.